Youtube daily May 9 2017

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Hi, my name is Haruna Hosokawa from BPSTechnology and I am here today to tell you a little bit

about Google Forms.

Google Forms is a tool for people to create and

fill out surveys and questionnaires online and they could be used in class as a questionnaire

or a quiz, or you could use it to survey other population like parents, for example.

So I am in my Google Drive right now, and to create a new form you would simply click

on New, and go down to More, and click on Forms. That opens up a blank form.

And --

-- you would probably want to title your form. And I'm going to call this "Sample Form."

This title is tied to your file name up here. You can change it if you'd like, but by

default it will make them the same name. You can enter a description; this is optional.

If you enter a description the user will have a little bit more details about what to do.

So, I could say something like, "Please fill out this form." By default it comes

out with one question to begin. You can click on that to start editing that question.

Now, you have a lot of options for the type of questions to use. Short answer is like

your name. Paragraph would be a longer text entry like, "Please tell me something you

have learned in this webinar." Multiple choice is multiple choice but you can select

one answer. Checkboxes are similar to multiple choice but you could have more than one answer.

Dropdown is similar to checkboxes and multiple choice except your choices are shown in a

dropdown format and not listed as in multiple choice and checkboxes.

File upload gives the user an option to upload a file when they get to that point of the survey.

Linear scale is something like you have a scale of 1 to 10 for example.

Multiple choice grid is similar to a linear scale,

but you can have multiple entries or multiple questions

within a question. Date and time will give you a box as well

as an option to click on a calendar to fill out the date.

So you could select any of these question formats. I'm going to call my first question,

"Name," and what you will notice is that Google will self-select a format for you.

So as soon as I entered "Name" it put in Short answer for the question format. And

you could change this if you don't like that, but it will try to guess the best format

for what you have put in. Anytime you see this image icon you can also

add an image. So, you could say, do something like, "Please look at this image and tell

me what you think about it." And when you click on this image icon, there will be an

option to upload, or to include a picture from your Google drive, or include through

a link. And you can include any image that you like as part of the question.

You can also insert images as part of a multiple choice so you could have three different images

and say, "Pick out the best image from here," for example.

Anytime you have a question you can decide whether it is required or not. If you set

this to be required, the user will not be able to submit the form until they put something

in this question. The trash bin here is to delete the question

and this icon here is to duplicate the question. Sometimes it's faster if you duplicate the

question than to add the question. Some extra options here if you click on these

three dots over here: you can add a description to each question to give further instruction

to the user. And there is also something called data validation. So this could be something

like your entry must be a number, or your entry has to be between a certain number. It

could set up some validations for you. If you are happy with that question, we could

go ahead and add your second question. And to add a question you click on the

plus icon on the right. And again you can choose what questions to do. Let's see,

I'll do multiple choice, and I'm going to say your Grade.

Sometimes, when you type in a question, it will suggest some choices for you. And in

this case, since I put in Grade, it suggested a list of four choices. I could use these or

ignore the suggestions and keep on going. So if I say "Add all" it puts it right

in. You do have the option to delete them if you don't like them. Maybe this was for

elementary school, so I want to do one, two, three, four, and five. And if you want the

option for the users to have the "Other" option, then you need to click on Add Other

and that would be put in as well.

So that's for Multiple choice and dropdown

and checkboxes work pretty much the same way as well.

You can also add text, image, or video as part of your survey without having it be a

question. So these could be like a section header or just an image like a logo -- a company

logo, school logo, things like that -- to customize your form.

You can also add sections. Now, sections is basically a separate page within your survey,

so maybe you want to have one section to input personal information and then a second page

to input something else. Or you could also add sections so that, depending on what you

put in as answer to a multiple choice, it jumps to a different section within the survey.

So I am going to show you how to do that. I will go ahead and add a section and I'm

going to call this "Grade 1 questions." And just for the sake of time I am not going

to add a new question, and I'm going to add a second section, or a third section,

that says "Grade 2 questions." So now I have three sections: the first section

which is Name and Grade, and a section for Grade 1 and a section for Grade 2. If I were

making the complete form, I'd keep going until I have five of these things.

Now in this multiple choice, I can say "Go to section based on answer" and I can say,

if you answered Grade 1 then I want you to go to Grade 1 questions. If you answered Grade

2, then I want you to go to Grade 2 questions. And let's say, for the sake of time, I'm

going to say submit form for all other grades. So let's say if you are grade 3, 4, or 5 you

don't have to -- you don't have any other section to fill out.

After Grade 1 questions,

I would like to submit the form and after first section, submit form. So when you have

multiple sections and you start to set these navigation options, it's very important

to make sure that, after I finish Grade 1 questions, I don't send the user to Grade

2 questions, I submit the form. And I'll show you some other settings and

then I'll show you what this form actually looks like. So after you are done with all

the questions, or before or during, you could change the looks of your form by clicking

on this color palette. You could select any of these solid colors

or you could select an image by clicking on this image icon. You can select out of pre-selected

images that Google has provided, or you can upload your own. So if you have an image you'd

like to use, you can say upload photos or go to your album and select a picture that

way. Once you have selected a picture it automatically

selects a color scheme for you. Unfortunately, you can't select picture AND color, so depending

on what you put in as a picture, it will automatically select a color for you. The eyeball here is

a preview option; I'm going to come back to that in a second.

The gear is the Settings where other settings take place. So under the settings you have

the option to collect E-mail address, or not. In this case I'm not going to.

You also have the option to restrict the users to BPS users. By default this is checked.

So if your survey form is going to be filled out by anybody other than BPS users you need

to uncheck this. So, for example, if you are using a form that needs to go out to parents,

or maybe even students who don't necessarily want to be logged into BPS account, you need

to uncheck this. You can also give respondents the option to edit after submit and to see

summary after they respond. So those are general options.

Under Presentation, you can show progress bar. That's something that will appear if you

have more than one section. It shows you how many more sections you've got to go.

You can also shuffle question order, which might be useful if you are using this as a

quiz, and there is an option to show link to submit another form.

And then the Confirmation message. The confirmation message is the message the users will get

after they submit the form. By default, it just says, "Your response has been recorded,"

but you could also say something like, "Thank you for submitting the form." So I'm going

to change that. And then there is the Quizzes tab. So there

is an option to make a quiz -- a self-scoring quiz -- using Google Forms. And it only works

well if you have multiple choice, checkboxes, or dropdowns where there is a correct -- definitely

correct -- answer. So it doesn't work well if you have text boxes or paragraph entries.

But if you have a multiple choice quiz and you want to make it into a quiz, you will

slide this switch over and you will get an option under each question to select the correct

answer and assign point values to them. I'm not going to do that at the moment, but please

feel free to explore this at your own time if you are interested. Save my options.

And after all the options are all set, you are ready to send the form. Now there are

three different ways to send forms. I'm going to click on Send.

The first way is to embed it into an E-mail. You can enter E-mail addresses in here, type

in a subject and a message. You can include the form in the E-mail which means the form

will appear right in the body of the E-mail, or if you don't select this it will just

go out a s a link. So that's one way to share a form.

The second way is to send people a link. So if you click on the link up here, you can

get a long link or a short link that you can copy and paste into an E-mail or into some

other document so that the users can send the form that way.

The third way is the Embed code. The Embed code is used if you have a website or a blog

or something like that where you want the form to appear. And then you will cut and

paste this embed code into that website or a blog. But most typically, people will be

using either this E-mail option or this Link option. Let's cancel out of that.

But before you send the form you should always make sure that it looks okay. And especially

if you have multiple pages, you need to make sure that the navigation works as you intended.

So I'm going to go ahead and preview this form by clicking on this eyeball.

Now, so any form has two modes: the first mode is this edit mode -- the editor mode -- and

then the form itself. So those are two different modes and two different links, so just keep

that in mind. From this editor I click the preview link

to get to the form. This is what the users will actually see when they try to fill out

the form. So I had my name and I have to enter a grade. This is a Multiple choice; I can

only select one thing. And I made it so that if I type in Grade 1 and hit next, that should

take me to the "Grade 1 question" section... and it does. Excellent. If I click on 2, it

should take me to the "Grade 2 questions." Very good. And if I select Grade 3, it should

take me right to the submit page. So that takes me to the end, and submit.

So that's exactly how I wanted the form and now I'm ready to actually send the form.

So again, if you create a form, make sure you look through the form and it looks good

before you actually send it. So let's say you finished this form and

you have gotten responses. I'm going to show you how to look at your responses now.

And for that I'm going into my Drive and opening up a form that I have created previously.

So I've created another form called another "Sample Form" earlier today and I pre-populated

them with some responses. So this form -- let me show you the form -- has

four questions. Your name, favorite color which is a multiple choice, favorite animal

which is an open response, kangaroo, and your favorite number which is a scale, scale from

1 to 10. I will submit. So once you submit the form there are a couple of different ways

to look at your responses. So in the Editor mode you will see this tab

for responses and you immediately see how many responses have been entered. Right now

I have 11 responses. If you click on that, you will first see the responses in summary

mode, which means you will see a compilation of all 11 responses.

And depending on the type of the question it will show it to you in a different format.

So for the text entry they just made a big list out of it, so I have 11 names. Favorite

color, which was a multiple choice, it's shown as a pie chart. So I can see that two

people said orange, one person said yellow, three people said blue, and so on.

Favorite animal, which was an open response, is shown as a bar graph, and the favorite

number which was a scale from 1 to 10 is also shown as a bar graph.

The thing about the summary report is that I can see the overall picture of what people

have responded, but I don't know who said what. So, for example, I know that one person

said they like cat but I don't know who that is. And I know that four people like

the number 7, but, again, I don't know who that was.

If you want to see individual responses you would click on the Individual side which will

then show you each person's response. So I know that Tommy likes blue, and likes tigers,

and his favorite number is 5. And I can scroll to every respondent that way. So going back,

so #2 response. So Nick like black and his favorite animal is Okapi and favorite number

is 8. So you can do that. But from here it's very difficult to see the big picture, like

how many people like the number 7, for example, that you could easily see in the Summary chart.

The third option for seeing the response is to copy it into a spreadsheet. So if you click

on this green icon here it creates a new spreadsheet and it puts it right into your Drive folder.

So if I go back to my Drive it'll pop up right here. And this form is tied to your

--not this form, this spreadsheet -- is tied to your form so it's populated with all

the responses from the 11 people. The header contains the name of the question and it also

gives you the timestamp of when the responses were entered. And as soon as a new response

comes in, it updates this spreadsheet in real time. So if I put in another response, for

example (typing), just put in some random things... so I submit another response and

it should pop up here right now. So it pretty much updates in real time.

The nice thing about having it in a spreadsheet now is that you can then rearrange this data

in any way you want. For example, if I go up to Name I can go up to this column top

and say, sort sheet A through Z. That would alphabetize this data using this name but

it'll also keep the rows together so, for example... What did we say so Tommy had blue

and tiger... So if I re-sort this alphabetically Tommy still has blue and tiger so the entire

row shifts together with the name when you alphabetize this. You can do something like

that to sort your data a little bit better. Maybe you want to sort by the number. I can

sort that and now I have my data sorted in numbers, and this way I can easily tell how

many people likes each number. So having it in a spreadsheet is another nice

way to look at your data. And again everything is real-time and updated in real time.

So another thing I'd like to show is... within the Responses section there are a couple

of features that I do want to show you. One is this slide switch for accepting responses.

If you have the form but you want to restrict when people can submit responses, you can

slide that switch over and stop accepting responses. So this is useful if you have,

like let's say something that students need to finish by 5 o'clock. So when 5 o'clock

rolls around, you can click on this switch and the form will still be there, it's still

in your drive, you don't have to delete it, but the user will not see it anymore.

So let's say if I do this, and I 'm going to my preview button. It'll tell me that

this form is no longer accepting responses so nobody will be able to see or enter anything

into the form at that time. You can always undo that.

The second thing I want to show is you click on these three little dots for extra options,

and there is an option to get E-mail notifications for new responses. That will give you an E-mail,

an E-mail as soon as someone has put in a response so that you know when they came in.

So that's another useful option to know. Bring myself back to questions... So that's

pretty much how to use Google Forms in an nutshell. Thank you for watching. If you need

any more resources, the G Suite Training icon that's up on the right is very useful. If

you click on that, it will give you all kinds of resources about Forms and you can definitely

look through these topics if you 'd like to know more about Forms.

Alright, so thank you for watching. This was Haruna Hosokawa from BPSTechnology. Have a

good day!

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For more infomation >> How to Use Google Forms - Duration: 22:36.

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Trump's Tax Breaks For The Wealthy Could Have Cut Child Poverty In Half - Duration: 5:21.

Donald Trump is proposing a five-and-a-half-trillion-dollar tax cut over the next 10 years.

The lion's share of that, the vast majority of it, going to people like Donald Trump who

happen to be in the top 5% of income earners.

In fact, this tax cut is so one-sided that Trump Administration officials have even admitted

publicly that they're not even sure if it's going to help the middle class at all.

Some of them have said may actually even raise taxes on the middle class.

Nonetheless, Vox.com has put together a phenomenal analysis of what this tax cut for the wealthy

could pay for if the United States had its priorities straight.

Let's get the big one started with, universal childcare and child poverty.

Tackling those projects over the next 10 years, cutting child poverty in half, 1.1 trillion

dollars, so you start with five and a half trillion that we're giving to wealthy, take

away 1.1 trillion to cut child poverty in half.

You got 4.4 trillion left.

Reducing overall American poverty, a project that would cost 1 trillion over 10 years.

Now, we're operating at about 3.4 trillion, we've cut child poverty in half and we've

greatly reduced the number of Americans living in poverty.

Free college education at publicly institutions, 750 billion dollars over 10 years.

We were at 3.4 now, so now we're at 2.65.

2.65 trillion dollars left, we've tackled debt-free college, American poverty, child

poverty and childcare.

Investing in infrastructure, 1 trillion dollars over the next 10 years, to get us up to par

where we need to be.

Now, we're at 1.65 trillion left.

Universal preschool, 100 billion dollars over 10 years.

That one's relatively cheap, so now we're at 1.55 trillion dollars left.

Of course, actually, I've got to say this, this caveat that Vox.com put in there, the

100 billion is if we had matching funds from the states.

Assuming the federal government wants to pay for it, it would be 250 billion, so we'll

go ahead and tack that total down to 1.4 trillion dollars left.

Un-insurance rates, here's the thing, we could use some of that money that Donald Trump is

going to hand over to the wealthy and, instead of giving it to the wealthy elite, we could

drive down the cost of health insurance for every single person in this country.

It would cost 1 trillion dollars over 10 years.

We've reduced the cost of insurance for everybody, from the poor to the wealthy, in the United

States.

Everybody still has to pay some, but everybody's rates go down.

We have universal pre-kindergarten and childcare.

We've cut the child poverty rate in half.

Debt-free college at public institutions.

We've reduced the overall level of American poverty, and we still have 450 billion dollars

left.

But instead of doing any of those projects, instead of doing any one of those projects,

Donald Trump has decided to take that five-and-a-half-trillion dollars and give it to the wealthy.

Now keep in mind this is the largest tax cut in the history of the United States.

It's larger than the Bush tax cuts.

It's larger than the economic stimulus package passed by President Obama.

This is the largest giveaway to the wealthy elite that we have ever seen in the entire

history of the United States, maybe in the history of the world.

It's all because Donald Trump wants to reward himself and his buddies, I guess if he has

friends.

He wants to give them a little more money.

Screw the middle class.

Screw all these projects that we could fix with this money and still have some left over.

Hell, maybe we just throw a big party with that because we fixed so many problems; but

no, Republicans aren't serious about tackling anything in the United States other than giving

the wealthy tax breaks.

We know, because we have seen from history, what happens when we do this.

If Donald Trump enacts this tax cut, we are headed towards a massive depression.

Not a recession, a depression.

That's what will happen if he enacts these tax cuts.

Always keep in mind when you hear anybody talk about these tax cuts and how great they

might be, just think about this list from Vox and think of all the problems that we

could have solved if we weren't so desperate to give millionaires and billionaires a few

more dollars every single year.

For more infomation >> Trump's Tax Breaks For The Wealthy Could Have Cut Child Poverty In Half - Duration: 5:21.

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EPIC 30 SUBS SPECIAL (TEMPLATE + FREE INTROS) - Duration: 0:49.

Welcome!

I reached the 30 Subs.

As a small thank you for your support...

Get the first five who filled the form in the description an intro.

And i also made a free intro template for you.

Form and download in the description below.

If i reach the 5 likes i will make a tutorial how to edit the template for the best result.

For more infomation >> EPIC 30 SUBS SPECIAL (TEMPLATE + FREE INTROS) - Duration: 0:49.

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Senate Republicans Hold 'Task Force' Meeting On Health Care | MSNBC - Duration: 2:34.

SHOULD HAVE HEALTH CARE. IT WAS INSENSITIVE.

OFFENSIVE AND I HOPE YOU CAN FIND IT IN YOUR HEART TO FORGIVE

ME. >> WHAT DOES THE SENATE DO NOW,

BILL? MITCH McCONNELL HAS 13 MEN, THAT

HAS BEEN POINTED OUT THEY'RE MEETING AT THIS HOUR.

WE HAVE SEEN THEM ARRIVING. NONE OF THE FIVE REPUBLICAN

SENATORS -- THEY HAVE TO DECIDE WHAT TO DO ABOUT PRE-EXISTING

CONDITIONS, ABOUT MEDICAID

EXPANSION, AND THINGS THAT ARE -- I THINK THAT HAPPENED A

BIT WITH OBAMA CARE. I THINK THAT IS MUCH MORE LIKELY

SO THAT MIGHT HELP THE HOUSE GUYS A LITTLE BIT.

YOU DO HAVE TO DEFEND IT. JIMMY KIMMEL HAS INSURANCE.

MANY PEOPLE ARE COVERED -- >> NOT IF YOU'RE CUTTING

MEDICAID, YOU'RE THROWING $10 MILLION OFF.

>> NO, YOU'RE NOT, DOWN THE ROAD THEY MAY NOT CHOOSE TO FULLY

FUND MED CASE. IT'S NOT A GREAT BILL, BUT THERE

IS PLENTY THAT COULD BE SAID AND YOU'RE BETTER OFF SAYING

SOMETHING THAN NOTHING. >> THERE IS MORE MONEY TO BE CUT

TO FUND THE TAX CUT. >> RIGHT, THIS IS ALL GOING TO

BE EXPOSED. THE LEGISLATION IS WRITTEN, IT'S

VOTED ON, IT'S PUBLIC RECORD AND IT WILL ALL BE EXPOSED.

STATES COULD CHOOSE TO KEEP THE MEDICAID EXPANSION IN PLACE, BUT

STATES ARE NOT USUALLY BUDGETED TO DO THAT.

THERE IS SUCH A LARGE SHARE OF THAT FUNDING WHICH IS HOW WE

HAVE BEEN ABLE TO COVER SO MANY PEOPLE.

AND THE PROBLEM IN THE SENATE IS THEY HAVE 13 WHITE GUYS ON THIS

COMMUNITY, AND NOT INCLUDING SENATORS FROM STATES THAT

EXPANDED MEDICAID. NOT INCLUDING STATES WITH LARGE

POPULATIONS, OLDER AMERICANS THAT WILL SEE THEIR PREMIUMS GO

UP. >> MANY ARE TRUMP VOTERS.

>> I KNOW THAT MITCH McCONNELL IS ALWAYS TALKING ABOUT HIS

POLITICAL ACUEMAN. HE PICKED A GROUP OF PEOPLE HE

KNEW COULD COME TO AN AGREEMENT, BUT HE ALWAYS THOUGHT NO ONE

For more infomation >> Senate Republicans Hold 'Task Force' Meeting On Health Care | MSNBC - Duration: 2:34.

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Restoring a $20 Wooden Fillister Plane | Antique Sash / Rebate Plane Filletster - Duration: 7:01.

I Think what fascinates me with an antiques is, there is always a story behind it.

When you don't know what that story is but you see the wear and tear, you know there

was a journey.

You start to add up the clues of how it got to the state its in.

You start to wonder what it's seen, what it's heard, what its done.

I had a choice of a rather clean, almost mint, moving fillister plane and this one.

I made the choice because of the character this one had.

I saw that it was damaged but I also recognized that it was repaired more than a couple times.

I'm sure it was never the best moving fillister plane but whoever owned it sure did all they

could to keep it usable.

My goal is not just to have a usable plane but also help it continue its story.

The fence has a crack in the middle which the previous owner screwed tight from the

side.

I'm 100% sure that the depth stop is also a fix for what was probably a brass one.

The adjustment screw and carriage block were both removed with very little effort.

The boxing is broken in a few spots where it was glued back in place.

With a broken wedge, the knicker proved the hardest part to remove.

I used a reversed nail head on the blade, to tap it through.

There's a tiny screw in the boxing just at the side of the mouth.

The wood is so stripped it isn't holding anything anymore.

I couldn't even back it out without wedging it.

The metal was cleaned with a vinegar /water mixture for about 8 hours.

The wood was cleaned a few times with mineral turps (mineral spirits) . I didn't want

to lose the patina so I only planed what was needed on the base and fence.

I re-finished it with about 4 coats of boiled linseed oil.

Left on for 15 minutes each and than wiped off.

The camera I'm using takes forever to charge so I made the wedge off camera.

I used a small nail and slowly filled the hole walls in with epoxy so the threads would

again have something to bite on to.

I also forced some epoxy into the crack on the fence though this probably wasn't needed

as the screw was doing it's job well.

Also, My clamping forced the fence crooked so I would need to plane it's surfaces a

couple more times.

You know the old saying, 'Don't fix what isn't broken, when its already been fixed

because it was broken.'

Something like that.

I rounded out the corners of the rear of the depth stop since it was now digging into the

side face.

Lightly tapping the blades will partially correct the bending that has happened from

the years of resetting them.

I had not run across any knickers being sharpened like this one had.

I began to reshape it into the diamond shape I wanted.

I'm not sure this is a great idea but I'm doing it anyways.

Even though the blade angle was really steep and the skew was off.

I went ahead and sharpened it as it was.

I should have reshaped the edge correctly, as I would eventually have come back to correct

this issue.

I needed to slow down here but I was getting so close that I just wanted to try it!

It was set a huge bite but still, it was much closer to square than I thought it would be.

Now its time to continue it's story and hopefully that story will be passed on this

time.

And to figure out a decent dogging system for this bench.

There will be more detailed photos on my blog over at cleanphilwanted.com.

Thanks for watching Subscribe like and comment!

For more infomation >> Restoring a $20 Wooden Fillister Plane | Antique Sash / Rebate Plane Filletster - Duration: 7:01.

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What is "I don`t know anything about my family" really means - Duration: 1:39.

For more infomation >> What is "I don`t know anything about my family" really means - Duration: 1:39.

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Highlights: Millard North advances to state tournament with win over Creighton Prep - Duration: 0:33.

WEDNESDAY NIGHT.

HIGH SCHOOL BASEBALL DISTRICT

FINALS.

MILLARD NORTH AT CREIGHTON PREP.

PREP THE DEFENDING CLASS A

CHAMPS JUMPS OUT TO THE EARLY

LEAD.

EVAN LANEY THE SINGLE TO RIGHT

SCORES NATE REINER AND IT'S 1-0

JUNIOR JAYS IN THE FIRST.

HOWEVER, MILLARD NORTH SCORES 3

TIMES IN THE SECOND AND 11

UNANSWERED RUNS.

DOUBLE THAT DRIVES IN JOSH

For more infomation >> Highlights: Millard North advances to state tournament with win over Creighton Prep - Duration: 0:33.

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Highlights: Gretna advances to state tournament with win over Concordia - Duration: 0:33.

EARNING ITS FIRST

TRIP TO THE STATE TOURNAMENT

SINCE 1998.

CLASS B DISTRICT FINAL BETWEEN

CONCORDIA AND GRETNA.

1-0 DRAGONS IN THE SECOND

INNING, GRETNA WITH A DOUBLE

STEAL, BRAYDEN HARDIE IS SAFE AT

SECOND, CADEN MASON SCORES, 2-0

DRAGONS.

CONCORDIA RESPONDS IN THE BOTTOM

OF THE INNING.

JACKSON CUMMINS SLAPS A 2-RUN

SINGLE UP THE MIDDLE.

For more infomation >> Highlights: Gretna advances to state tournament with win over Concordia - Duration: 0:33.

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Do Stars Move? Tracking Their Movements Across the Sky - Duration: 11:11.

Before we get going, I'd just like to say, happy 300th episode of the Guide to Space.

Here's to hundreds more.

The night sky, is the night sky, is the night sky.

The constellations you learned as a child are the same constellations that you see today.

Ancient people recognized these same constellations.

Oh sure, they might not have had the same name for it, but essentially, we see what

they saw.

But when you see animations of galaxies, especially as they come together and collide, you see

the stars buzzing around like angry bees.

We know that the stars can have motions, and yet, we don't see them moving?

How fast are they moving, and will we ever be able to tell?

Stars, of course, do move.

It's just that the distances are so great that it's very difficult to tell.

But astronomers have been studying their position for thousands of years.

Tracking the position and movements of the stars is known as astrometry.

We trace the history of astrometry back to 190 BC, when the ancient Greek astronomer

Hipparchus first created a catalog of the 850 brightest stars in the sky and their position.

His student Ptolemy followed up with his own observations of the night sky, creating his

important document: the Almagest.

In the Almagest, Ptolemy laid out his theory for an Earth-centric Universe, with the Moon,

Sun, planets and stars in concentric crystal spheres that rotated around the planet.

He was wrong about the Universe, of course, but his charts and tables were incredibly

accurate, measuring the brightness and location of more than 1,000 stars.

A thousand years later, the Arabic astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi completed an even more

detailed measurement of the sky using an astrolabe.

One of the most famous astronomers in history was the Danish Tycho Brahe.

He was renowned for his ability to measure the position of stars, and built incredibly

precise instruments for the time to do the job.

He measured the positions of stars to within 15 to 35 arcseconds of accuracy.

Just for comparison, a human hair, held 10 meters away is an arcsecond wide.

Also, I'm required to inform you that Brahe had a fake nose.

He lost his in a duel, but had a brass replacement made.

In 1807, Friedrich Bessel was the first astronomer to measure the distance to a nearby star 61

Cygni.

He used the technique of parallax, by measuring the angle to the star when the Earth was on

one side of the Sun, and then measuring it again 6 months later when the Earth was on

the other side.

Over the course of this period, this relatively closer star moves slightly back and forth

against the more distant background of the galaxy.

And over the next two centuries, other astronomers further refined this technique, getting better

and better at figuring out the distance and motions of stars.

But to really track the positions and motions of stars, we needed to go to space.

In 1989, the European Space Agency launched their Hipparcos mission, named after the

Greek astronomer we talked about earlier.

Its job was to measure the position and motion of the nearby stars in the Milky Way.

Over the course of its mission, Hipparcos accurately measured 118,000 stars, and provided

rough calculations for another 2 million stars.

That was useful, and astronomers have relied on it ever since, but something better has

arrived, and its name is Gaia.

Launched in December 2013, the European Space Agency's Gaia in is in the process of mapping

out a billion stars in the Milky Way.

That's billion, with a B, and accounts for about 1% of the stars in the galaxy.

The spacecraft will track the motion of 150 million stars, telling us where everything

is going over time.

It will be a mind bending accomplishment.

Hipparchus would be proud.

With the most precise measurements, taken year after year, the motions of the stars

can indeed be calculated.

Although they're not enough to see with the unaided eye, over thousands and tens of

thousands of years, the positions of the stars change dramatically in the sky.

The familiar stars in the Big Dipper, for example, look how they do today.

But if you go forward or backward in time, the positions of the stars look very different,

and eventually completely unrecognizable.

When a star is moving sideways across the sky, astronomers call this "proper motion".

The speed a star moves is typically about 0.1 arc second per year.

This is almost imperceptible, but over the course of 2000 years, for example, a typical

star would have moved across the sky by about half a degree, or the width of the Moon in

the sky.

The star with the fastest proper motion that we know of is Barnard's star, zipping through

the sky at 10.25 arcseconds a year.

In that same 2000 year period, it would have moved 5.5 degrees, or about 11 times the width

of your hand.

Very fast.

When a star is moving toward or away from us, astronomers call that radial velocity.

They measure this by calculating the doppler shift.

The light from stars moving towards us is shifted towards the blue side of the spectrum,

while stars moving away from us are red-shifted.

Between the proper motion and redshift, you can get a precise calculation for the exact

path a star is moving in the sky.

We know, for example, that the dwarf star Hipparcos 85605 is moving rapidly towards

us.

It's 16 light-years away right now, but in the next few hundred thousand years, it's

going to get as close as 8,200 times the distance from the Earth to the Sun.

This won't cause us any direct effect, but the gravitational interaction from the star

could kick a bunch of comets out of the Oort cloud and send them down towards the inner

Solar System.

The motions of the stars is fairly gentle, jostling through gravitational interactions

as they orbit around the center of the Milky Way.

But there are other, more catastrophic events that can make stars move much more quickly

through space.

When a binary pair of stars gets too close to the supermassive black hole at the center

of the Milky Way, one can be consumed by the black hole.

The other now has the velocity, without the added mass of its companion.

This gives it a high-velocity kick.

About once every 100,000 years, a star is kicked right out of the Milky Way from the

galactic center.

Another situation can happen where a smaller star is orbiting around a supermassive companion.

Over time, the massive star bloats up as supergiant and then detonates as a supernova.

Like a stone released from a sling, the smaller star is no longer held in place by gravity,

and it hurtles out into space at incredible speeds.

Astronomers have detected these hypervelocity stars moving at 1.1 million kilometers per

hour relative to the center of the Milky Way.

Up until this point, we've talked about the natural motions of stars.

In a second, I'm going to talk about an unnatural way stars could move, pushed around

by civilizations with incomprehensible levels of technology, but first I'd like to thank

Eurico Roberto, Karen Collett, Brian Dean, Susan Hunter, and the rest of our 726 patrons

for their generous support.

If you love what we're doing and want to help out, head over to patreon.com/universetoday

All of the methods of stellar motion that I talked about so far are natural.

But can you imagine a future civilization that becomes so powerful it could move the

stars themselves?

In 1987, the Russian astrophysicist Leonid Shkadov presented a technique that could move

a star over vast lengths of time.

By building a huge mirror and positioning it on one side of a star, the star itself

could act like a thruster.

Photons from the star would reflect off the mirror, imparting momentum like a solar sail.

The mirror itself would be massive enough that its gravity would attract the star, but

the light pressure from the star would keep it from falling in.

This would create a slow but steady pressure on the other side of the star, accelerating

it in whatever direction the civilization wanted.

Over the course of a few billion years, a star could be relocated pretty much anywhere

a civilization wanted within its host galaxy.

This would be a true Type III Civilization.

A vast empire with such power and capability that they can rearrange the stars in their

entire galaxy into a configuration that they find more useful.

Maybe they arrange all the stars into a vast sphere, or some kind of geometric object,

to minimize transit and communication times.

Or maybe it makes more sense to push them all into a clean flat disk.

Amazingly, astronomers have actually gone looking for galaxies like this.

In theory, a galaxy under control by a Type III Civilization should be obvious by the

wavelength of light they give off.

But so far, none have turned up.

It's all normal, natural galaxies as far as we can see in all directions.

For our short lifetimes, it appears as if the sky is frozen.

The stars remain in their exact positions forever, but if you could speed up time, you'd

see that everything is in motion, all the time, with stars moving back and forth, like

airplanes across the sky.

You just need to be patient to see it.

This episode, like many of our episodes was created by a suggestion from a viewer.

I really like hearing your ideas for topics, so please keep them coming.

Let me know your ideas for episodes in the comments.

In our next episode, it seems like we've been waiting forever for inexpensive, reliable

fusion power, but it always seems to be 30 years away.

How are we doing in directly harnessing the power of the Sun?

When will fusion power finally be here?

A civilization capable of moving around the stars in its galaxy would be a true Type III

Civilization.

How long will it take before we gain that level of technology?

Watch this episode next.

In the Alga - Al... hmm Can we go back just a second?

Almagest.

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