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The first War of the Diadochi is over and Alexander's empire is partitioned in Triparadeisos
for the second time. However, many generals and statesmen still vie for
more lands and are ready for more bloodshed to fulfill their ambitions.
It is the Spring of 319 BC and one of the main players of the First War of the
Diadochi - Eumenes is still trapped in Nora in Cappadocia. The new regent Antipater
and the royal family just returned from Asia to Macedonia, which
became the centre of the Empire yet again. However, Antipater was 80 years
old and by the end of Spring of 319 BC, the regent breathed his last.
The consequences would be far-reaching.
Meanwhile Antigonus was in Pisidia. He had recently gained a stunning victory
against the remaining rebels – among them Perdiccas' brother Alcetas. He had then
headed north, towards Phrygia where the news of Antipater's death reached him.
He was to decide the fate of Eumenes now.
With Antipater's death, Antigonus now saw a great opportunity to take control of
the empire for himself. Recognising Eumenes' proven potential to command,
he made a generous offer: He would reinstate Eumenes as governor of
Cappadocia, with promises of more land.
Antigonus asked Eumenes to become his second in command.
Eumenes accepted the offer and the siege was lifted. For the time being he returned to governing
Cappadocia, raising an army to aid Antigonus. But Antigonus was not the only
powerful Macedonian who looked for the allies. Back in Macedonia,
Antipater's successor, Polyperchon was also eying the support of Euemenes.
At that time, Polyperchon's position was in jeopardy, as Antipater's son Cassander
was gathering an army to confront him. He sailed over to Asia Minor, to
petition Antigonus and the latter agreed to Cassander's offer of an alliance.
Polyperchon couldn't take on 70 thousand strong army of Antigonus by himself, so
he sent a messenger to Eumenes and his offer was irresistible. Eumenes
was offered the title of King in Asia – the most prestigious military
position of the time. Polyperchon also offered him access to the vast royal
treasury at Cyinda and even more auspiciously, command of the Silver
Shields, Alexander's veteran Macedonian infantry guarding the treasury.
Eumenes quickly reached a decision. He abruptly broke his agreement of
Antigonus and headed to Cyinda. There, as promised,
he gained access to the royal treasury and the formidable Silver Shields.
The war between Eumenes and Antigonus became inevitable.
Antigonus was furious. Thanks to Polyperchon's offer, he now had a new great
great threat in the East. Abruptly, his plans to invade Macedonia were put on hold and he
headed east in pursuit of Eumenes. By the time he reached Syria, Eumenes
had already departed and was moving further to the East, keen to enlist the
aid of the Eastern governors. Near Susa, Eumenes met with many of these
satraps, already united with their armies.
Most notable among these men was a friend of Eumenes, the governor of Persia Peucestas.
There was also Eudamus, who had come from India with a large
force of elephants. After some initial bickering, agreement was reached; the two
forces joined together and Eumenes now found himself leading a formidable
army, consisting of the Persians, Macedonians, Greeks, Bactrians and Indians.
Meanwhile, Antigonus had not been idle. Having received reinforcements, he had been in
hot pursuit of Eumenes. In the Summer of 317 BC, their forces finally clashed
on the Eastern bank of the Coprates river, now known as the Dez River in Iran.
While Antigonus' forces were in the midst
of crossing, Eumenes lead a detachment of 4,000 infantry and 1,300 cavalry
cavalry towards the river, and charged. The forces of Antigonus that had reached the other
side – some 6,000 men – were taken completely by surprise. Disorder ensued
and soon that part of Antigonus' army was routed. Eumenes had won a small, but
clear victory, taking over 4,000 of Antigonus' men prisoner. Unable to cross,
Antigonus was forced to head north, around the Zagros Mountains.
Fresh from this victory and with Antigonus off his back,
Eumenes had now planned to turn around, heading back with his large army
towards the Mediterranean. However, his Eastern allies among them Peucestas,
refused to comply. They feared that if they headed west,
Antigonus would ravage their provinces in the meantime, as the Eastern provinces
were some of the richest in the Empire. Relenting, Eumenes abandoned his plans
and continued East to Persepolis.
Meanwhile Antigonus had moved around the Mountains and was again advancing on
Eumenes. Hearing this Eumenes marched his forces from Persepolis to
meet those of his rival. On the plains of Paraetacene clashed once again.
Eumenes' force numbered just over 40,000 men, including 35,000 infantry,
6,000 cavalry and 114 elephants.
Antigonus also had 40,000 and his army consisted of 28, 000 infantry, 8, 500 cavalry and sixty-five elephants.
Eumenes deployed his army at the bottom of the plain. On his left,
Eumenes placed over 3,000 of his Asian cavalry. In his centre, he first
mercenary infantry, his 5,000 mixed Asian troops trained
in the Macedonian manner and finally, in the most prestigious place of the
infantry line, the Silver Shields. On his right wing, Eumenes placed his heavy
cavalry, including both himself and Peucestas. Finally, Eumenes spread his
elephants along the length of his line, with light infantry in between.
Facing Eumenes, Antigonus' army was positioned on a slight elevation to one
side of the plain. On the left wing, he deployed his light cavalry, among them a
thousand horse archers from Parthia and two thousand expert Tarentine cavalry under the
command of Pithon. Next to them, Antigonus placed his mercenary infantry, followed
by 8,000 mixed Asian troops trained in the Macedonian manner and finally his
8,000 Macedonians. On his right wing, he placed his finest cavalry,
the Companions, under the command of his son Demetrius, with himself further to the right.
Antigonus placed most his elephants
elephants in front of his infantry line, facing those of Eumenes, with light infantry
interspersed between them.
Deployed in such a manner, Antigonus advanced his army at an angle.
He moved his stronger right wing forward, keeping his lighter left wing further back.
At the given signal, Pithon's light cavalry on Antigonus' left advanced
against those facing them, raining arrows and javelins down on the opposing
elephants and cavalry. Eumenes responded by sending a portion of his
light cavalry on his left flank over to his right, chasing away Pithon's light
horsemen from the battle. As this was going on, in the centre the infantry
phalanxes had collided, and a desperate struggle ensued. Finally, the great
experience of Eumenes' silver shields showed itself. Many of these
men had fought in the campaigns of both Philip II and his son Alexander and
although many were now in their sixties, their skill was unmatched and they
crushed Antigonus' infantry with ease. Much of
Antigonus' army was now in retreat. But the one-eyed general himself refused
to withdraw. Seeing an opening on Eumenes' left, he now charged with his elite
cavalry into the side of this force, causing great panic and disorder.
Eumenes' left wing collapsed. The rest of his army however was still intact and
came to fend off any further attacks from Antigonus' remaining forces.
With no more moves on either side, the battle ended. Each side claimed the victory,
yet it was Eumenes who had evidently come off better.
He had lost just over 500 men in the encounter; Antigonus on the other hand,
had lost almost 4,000.
Eumenes now marched further East, to Gabiene, while Antigonus returned to Media.
Antigonus knew that the odds were now stacked against him: his army was now
smaller than that of Eumenes. He therefore attempted to outwit his foe
with a surprise attack. Rather than waiting to restart campaigning next
summer, Antigonus marched his army in the Winter
of 316 BC through a harsh wilderness, hoping to surprise Eumenes.
Unfortunately for Antigonus the plan was foiled and Eumenes managed to
organise his forces on a nearby plain, awaiting the next battle. And so in the
Winter of 316 BC, the final great clash between these 2 formidable generals
was to take place. Once again Antigonus deployed his forces as he had at the
previous battle: Pithon was given command of the cavalry on the left, with
Demetrius and Antigonus in command of the elite right. In the centre,
Antigonus placed his infantry, now numbering 22,000 with 65 elephants
spread along the front of the line. To counter this deployment, Eumenes
deployed himself with his best cavalry and elephants on his left wing, opposite
Antigonus and Demetrius. Next to his cavalry were the silver shields, followed
by the rest of his 36,000 infantry and elephants in front. On his right wing,
Eumenes placed his weaker cavalry along with the remaining elephants which
he intended not to use. Eager for victory, Eumenes launched the attack.
He ordered his elephants on the left and centre to charge. Closely following
behind these tanks of ancient warfare, Eumenes and his cavalry on the
left advanced yet as the advance was taking place the hooves and feet of
these animals caused a large dust cloud to emerge across the
plain. Seeing an opportunity, Antigonus ordered some of his light cavalry to use this
cloud to their advantage, sneaking past Eumenes' line and attacking the baggage train.
It would prove a critical moment. Eumenes' cavalry charge was not going well.
Peucestas, his second in command,
panicked and with 1500 men withdrew from the fight. Eumenes finally called off
the attack and retreated to take command of his remaining horsemen on the right.
The Silver Shields had now advanced, leading Eumenes' infantry.
A fearsome spectacle, these 3,000 men then charged the entire phalanx of Antigonus.
The result was devastating. Antigonus' infantry was shattered; the Silver
Shields had once again proven their prowess. Each side now retreated to their camps.
Knowing victory was near, Eumenes desired to finish off Antigonus the
the next day. In a cruel twist of fate however, news now reached him that his
baggage train had been taken, much to the horror of his army, and most notably,
the Silver Shields. For them, this baggage train was their home, holding
both their families and possessions; everything they held dear was now in the
hands of Antigonus. Very quickly betrayal was a'foot. Thinking only for their
families and themselves, these grizzled veterans seized Eumenes that same
night, and handed him over to Antigonus. Eumenes' greatest soldiers had become
his worst nightmare. Welcoming his betrayed opponent with great respect,
Antigonus pondered on what to do with this exceptional general. In the end with
great reluctance Antigonus gave the order for
Eumenes' execution. The extraordinary military career of Alexander's former
personal secretary had met its end. Antigonus was now the most powerful man
in Asia and his story will continue in the next documentary. We often say that
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