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Enhanced Ecommerce Promotion Tracking (Part 2) - Duration: 8:01.
Welcome back.
In this video, we're going to take a look at how we can track our enhanced eCommerce
promo clicks with the help of Google Tag Manager and our custom JavaScript variable.
So like in the last tutorial, we already had a closer look at how we can set up such a
dataLayer inside of a custom JavaScript variable.
Now, we want to also track our actual clicks.
Now, these enhanced eCommerce tracking dataLayers was built the same.
But for our dataLayer here we have a promo click as the action.
And this is something we would need to change in our tracking deployment for promo clicks.
So let's take a look at the specification here.
Down below, we here have the measuring promotion clicks.
And we want to do the same as with the other one.
Now, I'm going to just copy the whole thing here, the whole dataLayer push.
Okay, so this would be this year, going to copy this and going to go over to Google Tag
Manager and build an enhanced eCommerce tracking promo view.
I'm just going to copy this and going to call this enhance promo click.
Now, we had our dataLayer before, I'm just going to replace this.
So here we have our dataLayer.
As I said, we are not really pushing anything into the data, we just need the eCommerce
object.
So we can get rid of anything right here, dataLayer push and back here.
Now, this is built, especially for a tracking scenario where you would forward the user
on and you want to ensure that the data is actually transferred.
This is done within the event callback, we can get rid of this portion as it is deployed
through a variable here.
So I'm going to get rid of these data points as well.
And this should give us our enhanced eCommerce tracking object except for the event up here.
This one is also something we wouldn't need as we are not deploying a dataLayer.
We want to simply have our eCommerce data object.
Now, you see this promo object ID, project object name, and so on.
This actually needs to refer to the same data that it was actually viewed.
So we need to have the same data in here as we had from the one that is viewed.
So I'm going to just save this, for now, go over to our view here and copy out our promotions
view here.
All right, let's go over to the click data and type that in as we had before.
So now we are clicking on the same data as via viewing.
And if you know about enhanced eCommerce tracking, you know that you need to keep data consistent.
Otherwise, the data reports inside of analytics won't be filled correctly.
So we have this now prepared.
And again, we need to go through and build a tag for this.
In our case, this can also be copied.
So let's copy our event here.
This time, it will be a promo click event.
Also going to change the event tracking parameters, this will be a promo click.
And we obviously want it to pick up different data, not the view data, but the click data.
So this is now specified as well.
And we want to change our trigger out.
So let's click here and get rid of our visibility trigger.
And in our case, it would be simply a click trigger.
So let's go here for our clicks.
And I'm going to go with the all elements trigger.
And let's keep it generic for now, I'm going to build a generic click trigger.
Let's save this.
Before we move on, I need to configure my built-in variables.
So we actually have our click element, click ID, and so on enabled.
Let's refresh our previous debug mode.
Go back to our page and see how our variables get filled.
I'm going to click on the ad.
Now, this didn't do anything.
Let's refresh here again.
Oh, that's why we had a semicolon error in our class some JavaScript variable.
Let me just figure out what this is all about.
It's probably simply because we have some white space here.
Let's get rid of this and save this,
refresh.
And this time it does it.
Okay refresh our page and I'm going to click on this with the command keypress.
We have our GTM click our EE promo click already fires, that's fine, but we want to restrict
it to only fire on our ad.
So we're going to look into our triggers here, all variables and we see here our click classes
get filled.
And we have some information here about the click classes.
Let's go with the WP image 71.
So if that's inside of our variables filled, then we want to fire this so I'm going to
turn our generic click trigger into a specific one on our ad click
and I'm going to install a filter and that filter will be on the click classes if it
contains WP image 71.
Let's save this.
And again, try this all out.
Press this button and we see our click has fired.
If I click anywhere else, it also generated GTM click but nothing fires.
So this works fine.
And we have now deployed our data.
Let's see if it is received by Google Analytics.
Let's go back to the real-time reporting on the events we see that there are some new
events here.
We had our promo click, three times promo click and that data should then also have
attached our enhanced eCommerce tracking data.
We can actually check inside of our let's go on to inspect here this will open up our
developer tools and we have under the console.
Let's reload our page actually.
Here is our Google Analytics information.
The page view has fired now also our page promo view should have fired and now click
with the command keypress.
Yes, we get our data in here as well the creative and so on.
Everything that we have filled in.
This time it's a promo click so that data was transferred over to Google Analytics.
We already saw this here in the enhance eCommerce click was just registered.
Now let's look into our conversions under eCommerce reports, marketing, and internal
promotions and go to the right date.
And we see our internal promo clicks were also registered here.
So this data was transferred correctly.
Now, this is it with this little tutorial.
Just to recap, we have put in the right dataLayers into an enhanced eCommerce tracking variable.
And this is a custom JavaScript variable that just returned our eCommerce object with the
right data.
And then we have triggered an event tag through Google Analytics that transport that data
over to Google Analytics correctly.
So it doesn't use the dataLayer.
It doesn't read from the database, it reads from our custom JavaScript variable.
And this is how you can fill these reports without actually deploying a dataLayer.
But doing everything through Google Tag Manager, which is quite beneficial if you have only
one promotion running on your page just like this.
All right, so there you have it.
This was it with our little tutorial here on promotion tracking with enhanced eCommerce
tracking features.
Now, it's always astounding to me that you can utilize all the built-in mechanisms of
Google Tag Manager such as the element visibility trigger and then also the click trigger to
make this deployment happen.
I'd love to hear from you if you run into any problems or if you want to use this tracking
deployment.
If this helps you please leave us a comment down below.
I always love to hear from you guys.
And if you liked this video, then give us a thumbs up and also subscribe to this channel
if you haven't yet because we bring you new videos just like this one every week.
Now, my name is Julian,
til next time.
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Jeep Wrangler JK Centerforce Dual Friction Clutch Kit (2012-2018 3.6L) Review - Duration: 2:46.
The Centerforce Dual Friction Clutch Kit is for those of you that have a 2012 to 2018
JK with the 3.6-liter engine that are looking for a replacement clutch and flywheel, as
well as the pressure plate, of course, that is not just going to replace your factory
OEM style stuff, but be an upgrade.
This is going to hold even more power and hold even better than that factory clutch
will.
This install comes in at a two out of three wrenches.
And I'm going to talk you through how to do it in just a second.
So, as far as clutch kits go, this is going to be very complete.
As I said, you're going to get your flywheel, your pressure plate, your dual friction clutch
pack is in here as well.
You're going to get a throw-out bearing, alignment tool, all of the other hardware that you're
going to need to get this kit installed.
So, it is going to be very, very complete.
And the whole idea behind this is that it has more holding power than the factory stuff
does.
So, if you have power adders, if you have gears, if you have big tires, if you have
any of that stuff and you want to beef up the rest of the driveline, the clutch is going
to be part of that.
And this is going to be able to hold a little bit better, not only do more horsepower, but
also against all of those other forces if you do happen to be off-road, and because
of other modifications to the Jeep may end up with your clutch slipping in one way or
another.
Now, this is going to be a pretty difficult install.
As I said before, no difficult than any other clutch install, but as a whole clutch installs
are pretty complicated because the transmission does have to come out or at least move back
to give you space to do this, you have to get in there to be able to unbolt the pressure
plate, remove the clutch plates, get the flywheel out, put everything back together.
Everything needs to be torqued properly, there needs to be Loctite where it needs to be.
A lot of different things need to happen in order to get this install done and done correctly
so everything is going to hold up as well as it should over time.
So, if that's not something you're comfortable with, you don't have the tools for it, no
shame in taking your Jeep to a shop to have this kit installed.
This is going to be a pretty fairly priced kit, in my opinion.
This comes in around the thousand dollar mark for as complete as this is for it being an
upgrade over OEM and for it being some very high-quality components, I do think that's
going to be pretty fair and right where you would expect to pay for a kit like this.
So, pretty fair price as well.
Overall I think it's a complete kit, I think it's priced fairly and it is going to give
you an upgrade over the factory clutch.
So, if that's what you're looking for, I would recommend this option from Centerforce and
you can find it right here at extremeterrain.com.
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ASMR Eating | Best INTENSE Eating Sounds 😝 TRY NOT TO GET SATISFIED! - Duration: 3:23.
ASMR Eating | Best INTENSE Eating Sounds 😝 TRY NOT TO GET SATISFIED!
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Cute Labrador Puppies Video Compilation - Funny Dogs Video || CUTE OVERLOAD - Duration: 10:03.
Hi Guy! Thanks for watching. Don't forget to subscribe, like and share our video.
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কোন স্লটে কবে থেকে আসছে নতুন ধারাবাহিক নেতাজি জেনে নিন? | Netaji Serial Upcoming On Zee bangla - Duration: 1:33.
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IT- Come cancellare la cronologia su iPhone, i cookie chiari attivano la ricerca privata - Duration: 0:58.
Hi, I'm Sami, from Fawzi academy. In this video, I will talk about. how to clear history on iPhone safari app,
how to clear cookies, clear browser cache safari browser, To clear safari history iPhone,
clear browsing data and cookies. go to Settings. Safari. And tap Clear History and Website Data.
A cookie is a piece of data, that a site puts on your device, so it can remember you when you visit again. To clear cookies on iPhone.
tap Settings. Safari. then tap Block All Cookies. If you clear cookies, some web pages might not work.
To clear cookies safari, and keep browsing history. go to Settings. Safari. Advanced. Website Data.
then tap Remove All Website Data. To turn private browser, private browsing safari iPhone on or off.
When you use private search, you can visit websites without creating a search history in Safari.
On iPhone, open Safari, then tap. Tap Private, then tap Done. While private web browser is on
apple safari appears black or dark instead of white or gray.
Thank you, for watching Fawzi academy. Please, like. Subscribe, share, this video, and visit, our website, fawziacademy.com.
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HN- Apple वॉच सीरीज़ पर वॉकी टॉकी ऐप का उपयोग कैसे करें। - Duration: 1:22.
How to Walkie -Talkie Apple Watch. To use Apple Walkie Talkie, you and your friend both need Apple Watch Series 1 or later with
watchOS 5. You also both need to set up the FaceTime app on your iPhone and be able to make and receive FaceTime audio calls.
To Add your friends. Open the Apple Watch Walkie Talkie. Tap a friend.
Wait for your friend to accept the invitation. The contact card stays gray and is labeled invited until your friend accepts.
After they accept, you and your friend can talk instantly and their contact card turns yellow. To remove a friend.
open the Walkie-Talkie app on Apple Watch, swipe left on the friend, then tap the Delete icon.
Accept an invitation. Touch and hold the top of the Apple Watch face, then swipe down to open Notification Center.
Look for a notification from Walkie-Talkie, then tap it.
Tap Always Allow. To Start a conversation. Open the Walkie-Talkie app on Apple Watch.
Tap a friend. Touch and hold the talk button, then say something. If you see "connecting" on the screen
wait for Walkie-Talkie to connect. After Walkie-Talkie connects, your friend can hear your voice and talk with you instantly.
To Turn Walkie-Talkie off or on. Open the Walkie-Talkie app. Turn Available off or on. If someone tries to
reach you while you're unavailable, a notification appears asking if you'd like to talk.
Thank you, for watching Fawzi academy. Please, like. Subscribe, share, this video, and visit, our website, fawziacademy.com.
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STOP RUSHING!- Minecraft BedWars - Duration: 4:07.
hello everybody welcome to my channel I'm SimodoDragon and today I'm playing
some bedwars on the hypixel server and I hope you all had a very Merry Christmas
And if you don't celebrate Christmas than I hope you had a great holiday!
them with the bed cause it's a blood on your eye I think it needs to go get that
checked oh my goodness let's cover this up in would just cuz we want some word
donor what else to say would oh this is a she's super guru almost fella theater
no I don't super embarrassing okay we made it don't know leave me alone leave
me alone no please oh no it's the guy with the weird red eye no no this
quickly please no I'm gonna straight for diamonds again I'm gonna go back
I just realized they're building towards their base cuz I didn't see a pink bed I
was like I was we're fine we're good but no we're not good oh come on
no are we good are we good oh my god oh my god it's fine oh my
goodness you absolute bum great it's coming
straight for me of course they are okay well time to cover my base up
because oh my god why gotta rush me
mm she would go for their base I'll be really slow till they see me coming oh
this is really sneaky yeah that was really really evil um if you kill me I
don't blame you oh my goodness I hate you oh my god why did I do that
okay I'm dead now gray wow you got such a cute skin it's a
very pink oh my god your shoes are oh she just left okay let's just go
straight for diamonds and pray we don't have another russia because that was
just infuriating okay it's fine we did it we made it
we're alive oh my freaking goodness they're rushing what is up with greys
and rushing nope
nope I thought I could do it I couldn't do it okay I'm really bad at this
let's go go go go go we don't want no our class Ike was not in the game yes
and I'm right next to a queer yes or the person who's next to me next the other
person who's next me let's be honest of course of course what did I expect
did I expect this game to go smoothly all right then so I'm gonna end the
video here I hope you enjoyed please like the video if you enjoyed subscribe
if you're new and I'll see you guys next time bye
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Speaking of Psychology - The Science of Dreaming with Deirdre Barrett, PhD (SOP71) - Duration: 50:45.
Welcome to Speaking of Psychology, a podcast from the American Psychological Association.
I'm your host Kaitlin Luna.
Our guest for this episode is Dr. Deirdre Barrett, a psychologist and scholar of dreams
who's on the faculty of Harvard Medical School's Behavioral Medicine Program.
She's the editor of the journal Dreaming and has written several books on the topic including
the Committee of Sleep.
Thank you for joining us, Dr. Barrett.
Hi, nice to be here.
So dreams are always a fascinating topic.
We all dream but many people don't remember them or don't really know what to do with
their dreams and you, as a scholar of dreams, know all about dreams and are even a past
president of the International Association for the Study of Dreams.
So I'll start off with, I think, a simple question with probably a long answer but why
do we dream?
Well it's not a simple question it's probably the one where you'd get the most disagreement
among dream psychologists.
Personally I think that we have rapid eye movement sleep which is the stage in which
most dreams occur along with all mammals for a lot of reasons many of which are very biological
that certain neurotransmitters are being replenished in the brain during that stage of sleep that
that there's some very physical body reasons for REM that we share with all mammals.
But I think evolution isn't that simple and when something's been around since the dawn
of mammals it tends to have function upon function layered on top of it and I think
for humans there's a lot of problem-solving that goes on in that state but that's my answer
and you would get everywhere from you know it has no function, to you know dreams are
sort of our wiser self speaking to us from other dream psychologists.
But that's my that's my concept of it.
Yeah I mean I've always thought of it as sort of like it's telling you something, you know
your dreams are trying to you tell you something you have been avoiding or something you might
not realize what's going on because it's really you are unconscious so I've always wondered
if it's really your sort of true self coming out so I'm probably maybe in that camp just
as a lay person just being interested in the study of dreams.
Yeah I mean I like to say it's just it's our brain thinking in a different biochemical
state and I don't buy into the perspective that there's one book called Dreams are Wiser
than Men, I don't think that what our dream dreaming mind is thinking about an issue is
always the correct one or wiser than our waking one, I think the benefit of dreams lie in
just what a different biochemical state it is so if we're kind of stuck in our usual
everyday rational thinking, dreams may make an end run around that and show us something
very different.
But if you had to operate off one or the other I think our waking mind is probably giving
us you know more good advice than our dreaming one, but the dream is a great supplement.
Absolutely and can you explain a bit about what the International Association for the
Study of Dreams does?
It's a nonprofit organization whose mission is just to disseminate information about dreams
and that's everything from the most basic education about things that have been known
about dreams for a long time to the general public and even to children on to disseminating
the latest research between professionals in the field.
The ISD has one international conference a year, it has some online virtual conferences,
it has some regional conferences and it has two publications.
I edit the journal Dreaming which ISD oversees the content, but APA is our publisher and
that is an academic journal for professionals in the field.
But ISD also has another publication called Dream Time which is a magazine which is much
more informal discussion of dreams that the general public can enjoy.
Yeah, it's very interesting.
Until I was researching this topic I didn't know there was such an association.
Yeah, it's a great group.
I recommend its website and for anyone that can get there its conferences are great and
unlike many organizations it's a combination of professionals and not professionals so
at the conference more than half the presenters and about half the attendees are some kind
of professional in the field but there are lots of people who are just extremely dream
interested who choose to come to the conference.
Interesting maybe I'll end up there one day.
So, you know, there's those common dreams that I think you know you read about see in
television and movies and people talk about like being in a public place naked or having
your teeth fall out or being chased.
So why do different people have similar dreams.
I've always found that that question really interesting, like why would I have the same
dream as some random person from a you know different walk of life and has there been
research into those common themes?
Well there's some research just on how frequently they occur and that does demonstrate that
a few of those themes including the ones you rattled off do occur pretty frequently to
people of different ages and around the world.
Some are more universal than others and it tends to go with whether the metaphor they
seem to be representing is universal.
Clearly all cultures have some norms about what parts of your body you're supposed to
cover and not even if it's you know a tiny thong just covering your genitals in one culture
and bailing you know from head to toe in another one, there's still a how much of your body
do you show and shame around showing more than you're supposed to be.
So that the naked in public one seems to be quite universal and I'll say more a bit later
about this, but we certainly don't think that you should ever just say one dream theme means
exactly the same thing for anyone that dreams it.
There's always an individual element.
But there's some things like naked in public that are much likelier to be representing
social shame, social anxieties you know just the common-sense metaphor about being exposed
in some uncomfortable way is usually what that dream is about for most of the people
having it.
Then there are other common themes that are a little more cultural bound like most Western
societies with our kind of schooling many, many people in the culture have recurring
dreams about tests going wrong, you've overslept, you've missed the test, you aren't figuring
out what the classroom is, you're late, you can't find the classroom, you get into the
exam you realize you studied the wrong subject for it, the exam is in hieroglyphics, they're
just all kinds of variations.
But somehow you are you know about to mess up a test.
And we see that in in Western schooling type cultures all the time, but you don't see that
in hunter-gatherer tribes where, you know, learning to get out there and do adult tasks
in some sort of, you know, more intern like way is the way that they're educated and test
obviously they don't have sit-down exam dreams.
And even in our culture people who decide to be want to be actors or musicians from
an early age, they'll have a variation that's the audition dream.
They're not sitting down to take an exam but they're showing up with their musical instrument
and they realize they've studied the wrong piece of music or they can't find the audition
hall so there's some variation even in those standard ones but there's something to the
idea that there's some universal, very frequent dreams meaning something similar for most
people who have them.
And those feelings behind those dreams could be, like you said, maybe some sort of shame
or some sort of anxiety about what's going to happen to be tested in some way that sort
of thing.
So they're common feelings that underlie them.
Well yeah, different shades for different ones but just in line with what otherwise
are common metaphors you know if you "feel exposed" or "feel naked", that's usually more
of a shame social disapproval.
If you're being tested, you know that's more of an authority figure is evaluating you sort
of are you measuring up you know to society in general or in authority?
So most of the recurring themes dreams are anxiety dreams but whether it's about sort
of being competent versus being socially appropriate those tend to be represented by different
specific things.
I've heard that that some people say that dreams don't mean anything at all that they're
just random impulses from your brain when you're sleeping or perhaps just, you know,
consolidating memories, that sort of thing, and that there's no deeper emotional meaning
behind them.
But, you know, many people do believe dreams are important, that they help problem-solve,
perhaps find inspiration which I'll ask about in a few minutes, but what does the psychological
research say about the importance of dreams and do we know what would happen if we didn't
dream?
Well let me answer the first part first, it's a little simpler.
There is some research, there's a limit to how much you can deprive people of REM sleep
and it does have to be depriving of REM sleep, not quite all dreams happen in REM sleep and
one of the things that you see if you deprive people of REM sleep is that you begin to get
more reports that sound like full-fledged dream narratives out of other stages of sleep.
A few of those happen anyway but it's like there's some pressure to dream that if you
don't let it happen in rapid eye movement sleep it begins to happen in other stages
of sleep.
And then in the extreme, in some of the experiments people seemed to hallucinate awake a little
bit.
So there's certainly a pressure to dream that can sort of break out of REM not that it's
always totally confined there.
But the other thing is if you're REM depriving people you see deficits in certain things
or it doesn't even have to be REM deprivation, but you can do an experiment where the same
amount of time passes between exposure to a task and retrying it and people either do
or don't get a REM episode in there.
And from those experiments it looks like other stages of sleep have more to do with consolidating
some simple straightforward kinds of memory and that rapid eye movement sleep is consolidating
and learning more emotionally-tinged memories and certain kinds of problem-solving that
that require some abstract generalization, from answers to single cases and beginning
to see a pattern across them, that people that get a REM period in between exposure
to certain problem-solving tasks do better.
So that's REM sleep and that's not talking about the dream content but we definitely,
in dream content we sometimes see very overt problem-solving pop up somebody doesn't know
the answer to a question until they have a dream that shows them the solution so REM
is doing something with that biologically whether you're remembering dream content with
it or not but again layered on top of REM for human beings dreams seem to be the about
the problems and issues we've just been exposed to and sometimes solving them.
Speaking about what you just mentioned about how people use them to problem-solve or get
inspiration and you wrote about in your book, The Committee of Sleep, about some stories
from famous artists and inventors like Paul McCartney, Salvador Dali and the inventor
of the sewing machine how they received inspiration from their dreams which produced beautiful
works of art and practical tools like the sewing machine.
Can you explain how we use dreams to problem-solve and to find inspiration?
Yes, I mean there are two aspects of that.
One is that it simply happens spontaneously a fair bit that people who are stuck on a
problem will have a breakthrough dream and that was true in the case of the sewing machine
inventor that that dream came out of nowhere without his asking for it in any particular
way and showed him how to make the sewing machine.
And two kinds of problems are likelier to get solved spontaneously in dreams.
One is anything that's a very visual-spatial because dreams are so visual we can see things
in a hallucinatory way in front of us so the first computer-controlled anti-aircraft gun
was dreamed, the sewing machine was dreamed, the structure of the benzene molecule was
dreamed and all of those seemed to be cases where being able to see the thing very much
more clearly than you could just do visual imagination awake was a helpful part of it.
The other big cluster of solved-by dreams are where you're stuck because the conventional
wisdom is wrong.
The benzene molecule is an example of both.
Kekule knew what the atoms in benzene were but at that time all known molecules were
some kind of straight line with a side chain and so he was trying to arrange the atoms
in a straight line in some way that made sense and explained the chemical properties and
that wasn't working and he fell asleep and dreamed of molecules dancing in front of his
eyes forming, he said snakes, but they were straight lines of molecules and eventually
one of the snakes made of atoms reached around and took its tail in its mouth and he woke
up realizing that benzene was a closed ring.
But all chemists would have been approaching it to make it some kind of straight line.
So dreaming just bypasses that conventional wisdom, "It has to be done this way, it has
to be done this way" and shows more possibilities.
So very visual problems or problems where you need to think outside the box are likely
to get help from dreams.
But then the other aspect is that although these happen spontaneously if people are trying
to focus their dreams on a particular topic, we tend to call it dream incubation in psychology,
to say tonight I want to dream the answer to a particular problem or I just want to
dream on this particular topic you're much likelier to have a dream on that topic or
even an answer to the problem than if you weren't doing that as a self-suggestion at
bedtime.
So everybody tends to get some help and inspiration and good advice from their dreams, but you
can you can get more by asking your dreams to focus on particular topics.
Yeah that's really interesting and I'm gonna to just touch on that well we're there so
if you want to remember your dream better and you want to be able to have a dream journal
and use it for those that problem-solving like I said because sometimes people say,
"Oh I dream but I don't remember it", what tips do you have for that?
So for someone to remember their dream better and then how to do a dream journal.
OK, well the first tip is the most banal but it's really the most important: Get more sleep
than the average American does.
If you get eight hours of sleep a night, you'll remember a lot more dreams than if you're
getting less than that.
And it's not, we enter rapid eye movement sleep about every 90 minutes through the night
but each REM period is getting longer so the first one is just a few minutes whereas the
last one can be getting closer to half an hour in length so if you sleep four hours
instead of eight, you're not getting half your dream time, you're getting twenty percent
or less of your dream time when you truncate your sleep because the dreams are coming every
90 minutes but they're getting much longer through the night.
So getting enough sleep is extremely important that's the simplest [unintelligible] with
high and low dream recall.
But other things are the intent.
I mean often people that are taking class on dreams or reading a book on dreams it will
become more relevant they'll remember more dreams in fact people listening to today's
podcast are likelier to remember a dream tonight just by virtue doing that than otherwise,
but you can increase that with again a dream incubation like I was talking about for problem
solving but just focused on recall.
If you're just telling yourself as you fall asleep, "I want to remember my dreams tonight,
I want to remember my dreams tonight", that increases the likelihood and then as you already
alluded to keeping some sort of dream journal.
What you do in the morning is just as important.
First of all aside from the journal, it's better to wake up naturally than to an alarm
clock but you know I know everyone can't do that.
Whichever way you wake up, if you lie there for a moment and try to think about nothing
other than your dream if you already recall it, if you're not gonna write it down or tell
it to a recorder, at least rehearse it in your mind.
But if you don't recall a dream when you first wake up just lie there and see what content
at all is there in your mind.
Like, did you wake up kind of thinking about your brother, did you wake up feeling a little
sad because sometimes if you just stay focused on that hint of content, a dream will come
rushing back, "Oh yeah I was thinking about my brother because I dreamed that he did this"
or "I was sad because this dream that just happened."
So dream memory is very fragile and sometimes it's hovering there as you first wake up so
don't do anything else first before focusing on the dream.
And secondly recording it is nice to have the record but also tends to fix it in your
mind even if you're not referring back to the dream journal that much so some people
still prefer to hand write things in beautiful leather-bound journals, have a sort of a nice
association for some people, or if your laptop's next to your bed you can reach for it and
type, but I know that a lot of people are using their smartphones.
There are all sorts of apps.
Dreams Cloud is one of them, Dream Scope, that have apps where you generally you can
set your alarm on the app, make that your alarm in lieu of the other one and they have
all sorts of gentler tones to wake you up or even a voice saying, "What were you dreaming?"
as the first thing you're going to hear and then your phone is already set to if you speak
in response to the alarm or the voice saying, "What were you dreaming?", it's automatically
going to record without you're having to reach over and activate it or anything.
So those are some of the easiest you know and then they all do speech to text, so you
have an account of it so a lot of the people I know these days, I still type mine out,
but most of my students use an app on their phones.
It's interesting using technology for our dreams.
I noticed that I usually will like have to do the hovering where I kind of like [ask
myself] "What did I dream?" and then I'll recall it and then I can sort of get it firmly
planted in my memory and then I'll write it down when I get the chance.
I've been known to do that on the Metro on the way to work.
Sitting furiously writing in my journal, the notebook I have.
Just rehearsing it in your mind, I mean, especially like in the middle of the night if you don't
want to disturb a bed partner by speaking your dream or something, if you just kind
of run through it in your mind that tends to fix it into long-term memory because otherwise
so many people recall waking up from a dream in the middle of the night and going, "Oh
wow that was such a weird dream" and that's all they remember about it or even "I don't
need to write this one down I'm certainly going to remember this one."
Even without writing it down, if you play it through that kind of gets it from short-term
to long-term memory.
Going back to the content of dreams why do some people have recurring dreams and what
do we know about what reoccurring dreams mean.
Recurring dreams are usually thought to be themes that are more important for that person.
Freud talked about day residue and it's one of his concepts that's still taken quite seriously
the idea that things that happen in the preceding 18 hours are much likelier to show up in your
dream than sort of other random previous days.
And so lots of lots of dreams are about very recent events and they may be one-time concerns
about things that just happened that day and they're still worth interpreting but they're
gonna be about a very specific current sort of issue.
Whereas if a dream occurs over and over it may be activated by events of a particular
day, it may make a long-term issue more salient but it's certainly going to be about something
that's a kind of long-term character logic issue for that person.
So in general we think of recurring dreams as somewhat more important if you only have
time to analyze a few dreams, your recurring dreams would be ones to target.
And often people talk about having nightmares or violent dreams and I've spoken to friends
and you know, myself included, we've had those kinds of scary dreams.
So what do those dreams mean and what do you do if you have violent dreams or nightmares
often?
Well they're two very different kinds.
One is the metaphoric, they're scary but otherwise the content seems much like other dreams it's
fairly metaphoric witches chasing you down a hall in an old building or something.
And children have more of those kind of garden-variety metaphor nightmares than adults, they tend
to decrease with age but almost everyone has a few of those.
Versus post-traumatic nightmares where you've suffered one or more extremely violent, terrifying
waking life events and in post-traumatic nightmares, the event tends to unfold very much like it
did awake.
Some people it replays exactly like they were in a video of the episode of getting raped
or being in this battlefield or house burning down around them over and over and over exactly
like it happened.
Or more commonly it's pretty close to how it happened but it's either got a bit of bizarre
dream distortion but not as much as most dreams or often the post traumatic nightmares go
one step further like somebody was holding a gun to someone's head and threatening to
pull the trigger in real life and they actually do pull the trigger like the dream goes one
step further.
Whatever was most feared about to happen actually happens.
So garden-variety nightmares there they're just normal to a certain extent and some people
who have them don't particularly mind them.
I've heard a lot of people either say that it's kinda like horror films that you know
there's a kind of adrenaline rush and they kind of enjoy their nightmares and I've heard
other people who say they don't enjoy them, but they feel like they learn something like
it's always pointing out to them things they're anxious about that they hadn't thought of.
So many people who have nightmares of that kind of garden variety type don't particularly
want them to go away and I think that interpreting them just like you would other dreams thinking
about you know what in my waking life you know feels like that feeling in the pit of
my stomach when the witch is chasing me down the hall is you know the way to deal with
those.
But post-traumatic nightmares just retraumatize people it's like having the horrible event
happening again night after night after night so that it never recedes into the past and
everyone who has post-traumatic nightmares hates having them nobody likes those and I
think that it's also not a mystery, you know, if you were raped and you're dreaming about
a rape or your house burned down and you're dreaming about flames every night there's
not a "Gee, why are you dreaming that" like there is about the witch so there are techniques
that can make people stop having post-traumatic nightmares that involve, you can coach people
to just wake up if they start, but it seems to be even more effective to have people come
up with an alternate scenario, a kind of mastery dream.
If the nightmare starts again how would you like it to come out differently and psychologists
kind of happened on to this technique because it happens occasionally, spontaneously people
have had a nightmare over and over and over about a real event all of a sudden will have
this dream where someone comes and rescues them or they do fight off the attacker or
in a very dreamlike magical way the whole trauma is swept away and they wake up feeling
so much better.
And so we found that some people in PTSD groups would hear somebody say, "Oh I used to have
a nightmare until one night I had this other wonderful dream" and just hearing that the
next week a couple other patients in the group would say they had.
So now we coach people to come up with an alternate scenario of what they would like
to see happen and kind of get an individual, I mean for the same sounding trauma, some
people would rather have someone rescue them other people would rather like fight off some
attacker themselves.
A lot of sexual abuse survivors would most like to tell off the abuser about why this
was so wrong and other people want very magical you know shrink the attacker of the fire down
you know to a quarter inch high dreamlike things so once you come up with an alternate
scenario you practice that at bedtime this is again another variation on dream incubation
just telling yourself you know if my traumatic nightmare starts I want you this scenario
and picture the alternate scenario and that that works for a lot of people.
A lot of people have the alternate dream and then never have the nightmare again.
And then in the research study some people do that, and the nightmares stop without their
at least consciously recalling having the alternate dreams, so we don't really know
if they have it and forget it, but it still serves its purpose or if simply the visualization
of the scenario you know awake at bedtime has a similar effect for some people.
OK that's really fascinating that you have some control over this I mean if you tell
yourself you want the this dream to stop or to reach a better conclusion that's really
fascinating.
Yes, I mean the areas in our brain associated with memory are not quite as active but they're
certainly somewhat awake as we dream so requests to our dreaming mind do very often get through
it's not a one-to-one, you know just ask for it once and you'll dream on this topic, but
it's very often effective especially with repetition more than one night.
And moving on to pets.
I know you said animals, mammals, do go into REM sleep but you know if you've watched your
pet dog on the ground when they start falling asleep, my dog barks and she, you know, twitches
her legs, that sort of thing so it looks like they're dreaming, you know, as far as we can
tell but so do animals dream and how would we know if they do or don't?
Well, that's a very good question.
I tend to assume that they do.
We know that that all mammals except cetaceans, whales and dolphins do not have REM sleep,
they have this strange sleep where they sleep with one half of their brain at a time, but
all other mammals alternate between non-REM sleep and rapid eye movement sleep and their
brain has activity that looks very similar to ours when we are dreaming . So I am willing
to make the leap and say that I think that mammals are dreaming and whatever they're,
you know, elephant or mousy or doggie or catty version of that is.
Some of my colleagues would not would not say that, I mean some of my colleagues would
not assume any consciousness to other mammalian species or only past a certain level in the
evolutionary hierarchy but yeah, I think they have the same brain state that we dream in
I think they're probably dreaming in some way.
The only slight evidence for dream reports from animals are Penny Patterson who had the
gorillas Koko and Michael.
Koko died, I believe.
But Koko used to sign kind of fantastic scenarios right upon awakening and no other time, so
she'd sign about cars flying through the sky or she'd signed something about seeing a person
who she actually hadn't seen in six months and those sort of signing not real fantastic
things only seemed to happen upon awakening.
So Penny assumed that those were dream reports and you know you could argue about that but
I, you know, I think that sounds quite likely and the gorilla Michael, who didn't have quite
as big of a signed vocabulary, but I guess he's still learning he's certainly still alive
and well, he was known to have had his entire extended family group killed by poachers and
then he was picked up as an infant and sold through several iterations and eventually
went to Penny's reserve so he had a very traumatic killing of all of his family in front of him.
And she said that he used to wake up signing, "Bad people kill gorillas, bad people kill
gorillas", and again only in the morning so she interpreted that not just as a memory
but as seeming like he was probably having a post-traumatic dream about the event.
And again, that's very soft evidence, too, and subjective but possibly, we have dream
accounts from two gorillas but just in general they are having the same brain state as REM
sleep, so I think it's likely that they're dreaming.
Now they're not necessarily dreaming when they're twitching and moving though because
in humans, although there's something called REM Behavior Disorder where you act out your
dreams, we and other mammals are supposed to be paralyzed during REM sleep, and with
normal, healthy people and animals that is the case.
Where sleepwalking in non-REM sleep is much more common for people and so I think that
most times that you see much activity during sleep, you know, when dogs are woofing or
moving their legs a lot as they, that's probably out of non-REM sleep which just seems to be
mild slight activity in motor areas that's not associated with a big dream scenario in
humans.
Human sleep walkers usually don't recall anything or it's a very simple, "I was trying to get
from place A to place B", rather than a dream account so I think when you see your dog making
the most noise and moving the most it's not necessarily dreaming.
When you see its eyelids moving rapidly under its eyes even if it's completely still that's
when it's likely to be dreaming.
OK, interesting I'll pay more attention to my dog's eyes.
And when you and I spoke before, we talked about lucid dreaming which I know that the
journal Dreaming has touched on in various ways but and you've said it's also become
a topic in popular culture since the movie Inception came out a number of years ago,
so can you explain more about what lucid dreaming is?
Well the definition is simply that it's a dream in which you know it's a dream.
At some point you're going, "This isn't real, I'm dreaming."
Many people, once they're lucid, they then have a lot of control over the dream.
If they're being chased down a hall by witch they can choose, "No, I don't wanna, I don't
want to have a witch dream anymore" and you know, dissolve the dark building into a beautiful
palace or being outdoors and some of their friends instead of the witch.
So some people can switch a dream all around once they know they're lucid but not everyone.
So the definition is simply knowing you're dreaming even if the dream keeps unfolding
in a very dreamlike way.
And most people really enjoy lucid dreams.
There's occasionally people stay distressed by scary content but usually even if you let
the witch stay there and you turn around and ask her why she's chasing you and what she
represents once you know she's a dream witch you're not scared anymore so most lucid dreams
are very positive and people enjoy having them.
So what does that mean exactly?
Does that mean part of your consciousness turned on at that moment?
Yes, the EEGs of people having lucid dreams, I mean back in the 80s, it was established
that they really did seem to be in rapid eye movement sleep and that was big news because
it had been sort of questioned maybe they're waking up into some sort of fantasy waking
state.
But Steve LaBerge proved that people having lucid dreams are really in rapid eye movement
sleep and that's a battle all that sleep labs could tell at that time.
But more recently now that you can put on many more tiny EEG leads and reconstruct a
much better 3-D image of what's going on in the brain, what that shows is that the person
is basically in rapid eye movement sleep but it's not a completely typical episode of rapid
eye movement sleep . The prefrontal cortex, the area right behind our forehead that has
a lot to do with abstract thinking, is very much damped down during REM sleep it's often
misstated that it's turned off or something in REM sleep.
That's not true, there is activity there at a lower level even in normal REM sleep.
But in lucid dreams, there is usually a little more activity in the prefrontal cortex than
there is during other REM periods and that's exactly the area we're noticing discrepancies.
The fact that the prefrontal is damped down during most dreams is why we don't question,
you know, bizarre, you know, most of the time if we're flying we're just thrilled to be
flying not questioning how we can somebody that you know is dead is showing up in your
dream, you usually don't question how that can be, sometimes you do.
So, that area that notices things are odd or just even reflects on what's the nature
of this experience, that's just turned back up not as much as on average as when we're
awake but somewhat more than in typical dreams so that seems to be necessary for lucid dreaming.
That's interesting.
And what are you currently doing with your with dreaming research?
Well the most recent research study that I finished was a comparison of the content of
dream accounts to the content of sleep talking episodes.
Finding that they were similar in many ways compared to waking speech.
They both express much more fear than we typically talk about awake.
They're less set in the present than our waking topics.
But then there's some differences, like there's much, much more anger in sleep walking than
in either dreams or awake, dreams and waking speech have much more in common in terms of
pretty low levels of anger for most people.
And sleep talking involves much more anger.
So that was my most recent research study and I'm not starting another one real soon
because I'm trying to finish a book which is kind of a sequel to my book, The Committee
of Sleep, which is all about dreams and creative problem-solving.
They both have more theoretical things that I want to say about it but also once that
book came out while I was writing it I had to chase down people who'd have amazing problem-solving
dreams but once it came out I was getting letters from some famous, you know, ones with
major accomplishments that had come from a dream that I didn't know about.
Great, more content for you.
When is that coming out?
It's not even in press yet it's probably coming out in a year and a half I would guess.
But it's more of a focus than research right now.
So, Dr. Barrett, can you talk about what you dream about?
Well my dreams are probably more similar to other dream researchers than to the average
person.
I know one dream researcher who is just out of grad school where the person doing the
most interesting research who wanted the most research assistance and was the most charismatic
figure was doing dream research and that he personally had never thought about much about
dreams until getting to grad school.
But most dream researchers are drawn to the field because we remember more dreams than
average.
Our dreams are more vivid than average.
We tend to have more lucid dreams and flying dreams and just almost any unusual category
of dreams that that you mentioned that will have a certain low base rate in the general
population, I and other dream researchers have more of.
So I was just always fascinated by all these nocturnal adventures which I did remember
more of in more detail than the average person and I think a lot of psychologists go to grad
school and then pick a specialty within psychology but for me it was much more the other way
around.
I was just focused on dreams as this fascinating thing as a kid and as I got to be a little
older I realized if someone was gonna pay you to study dreams then you better go to
graduate school in psychology.
So I don't have any way of characterizing, you know, I have all the things we've talked
about: recurring dreams, lucid dreams, problem-solving dreams, a few nightmares, not particularly
high rate of those, and I have dreams that have solved very practical problems, I have
many more dreams that I think are more about my interpersonal emotional issues where you
know I dream about people are important to me and in the dream I'm doing something different
than the way I'd usually react to them and I wake up and realize that that has some implications
for things to do in real life.
I have some dreams that are just so gorgeous visually that I've started making art from
my dreams.
I've just been doing that for about three years, but I sold some art and have some art
in art shows and it's all dream art I have no interest in making art other than to represent
some of these images that I just want to drag back into the waking world for other people
to see them.
I did see that actually when I was just looking into researching this topic, I saw your artwork
and it was striking, strikingly beautiful.
Very colorful.
And can you describe what your favorite piece of art you created?
Probably a pair.
Most dreams I just make one piece of art from them.
But I had a dream where I was walking through Harvard Square which is the neighborhood where
I live late at night and I was discovering these little animals up on the rooftops and
thinking they must have been living there all the years I did, and I had just never
looked up and seen them before.
And then eventually they were down in the street and I was thinking, "Oh, they only
come down late at night."
And in the dream, I thought, "I've never been the middle of Harvard Square in the middle
of the night" and that's extremely not true but in the dream, it was.
So I was discovering these wonderful animals that live on the roof and come down into the
streets and so I actually went down and photographed several different buildings that were on this
route through the square but it was one of the Harvard Lampoon building and another of
a spot called Charlie's Kitchen that are just interesting buildings that are kind of lit
up interestingly at night anyway and they had most captured the feel of the dream before
I started adding all the little magical creatures up on the roof and spilling down into the
street.
So I guess I was the happiest with the two I made out of that dream came out really just
as I'd seen them in the dream.
And what do you use for materials?
Is it a painting?
Is it a sculpture?
No, it's digitally manipulated photography.
So for a few of them, like one I dreamed about a mask changing in all these ways, I found
that I really loved masks, so I take pictures when I got a mask exhibit, so I already had
enough pictures of masks to start morphing into that dream.
But for the one I just mentioned, I went down took pictures of the building and so a real
photograph of the building was the basic backdrop and I left the sky and the brick in certain
areas unchanged so that it kind of looks photographically real but then I played somewhat with the surface
of the building but mainly I put in little creatures, some of which I created from scratch
and digital programs, and others I actually took photographs, not of real animals but
of like little carvings of already not quite realistic animals and manipulated them a little
bit more digitally, so it's always collaged photography with then lots and lots of digital
manipulation to give it the surreal look that the dream had.
So dreams are also inspiration for you as well?
Yes, definitely.
I mean they've been inspiration for, you know, things in my research life and work as a clinician
and interpersonal relationships for a long time and I'd only been writing about arts
and dreams but lately it's, yeah all of my art is completely inspired by my dreams.
Well that's wonderful.
Thank you so much for joining us Dr. Barrett.
Nice to talk to you.
If you've been a longtime listener or are new to our show, please consider giving us
a rating in iTunes or if you have time write a review, we'd really appreciate it.
Also we'd like to hear from you directly, so you have if you have any comments about
the show or ideas for us please email me at KLuna@apa.org, that's K-L-U-N-A @ A-P-A dot
org.
Speaking of Psychology is part of the APA podcast network which includes other podcasts
like APA Journals Dialogue about new psychological research and Progress Notes about the practice
of psychology.
You can find all our podcasts on iTunes, Stitcher or wherever you get your podcasts.
You can also go to our website speakingofpsychology.org and listen to more episodes and to see more
resources on the topics we discuss.
I'm Kaitlin Luna with the American Psychological Association
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