The term human-animal hybrid or animal-human hybrid refers to an entity that incorporates
elements from both humans and non-human animals.
For thousands of years, these hybrids have been one of the most common themes in storytelling
about animals throughout the world.
The lack of a strong divide between humanity and animal nature in multiple traditional
and ancient cultures has provided the underlying historical context for the popularity of tales
where humans and animals have mingling relationships, such as in which one turns into the other
or in which some mixed being goes through a journey.
Interspecies friendships within the animal kingdom, as well as between humans and their
pets, additionally provides an underlying root for the popularity of such beings.
In various mythologies throughout history, many particularly famous hybrids have existed,
including as a part of Egyptian and Indian spirituality.
In legendary terms, the hybrids have played varying roles from that of trickster and/or
villain to serving as divine heroes in very different contexts, depending on the given
culture.
For example, Pan is a deity in Greek mythology that rules over and symbolizes the untamed
wild, being worshiped by hunters, fishermen, and shepherds in particular.
The mischievous yet cheerful character has the hindquarters, legs, and horns of a goat
while otherwise being essentially human in appearance, with stories of his encounters
with different gods, humans, and others being retold for centuries on after
the days of early Greece by groups such as the Delphian Society.
Additional famous mythological hybrids include the Egyptian god of death, named Anubis, and
the fox-like Japanese beings that are called Kitsune.
When looked at scientifically, outside of a fictional or mythical context, the real-life
creation of human-animal hybrids has served as a subject of legal, moral,
and technological debate in the context of recent advances in genetic engineering.
Defined by the magazine H+ as "genetic alterations that are blendings of animal and human forms",
such hybrids may be referred by other names occasionally such as "para-humans".
They may additionally may be called "humanized animals".
Technically speaking, they are also related to "cybrids" (cytoplasmic hybrids), with "cybrid"
cells featuring foreign human nuclei inside of them being a topic of interest.
Possibly, a real-world human-animal hybrid may be an entity formed from either a human
egg fertilized by a nonhuman sperm or a nonhuman egg fertilized by a human sperm.
Broadly speaking, a hybrid being has one cell line throughout its entire body and came originally
from a mix of entities, with different species involved to make a new genetic combination.
For instance, a liger has a lion father and a tigress mother, such a creature only existing
in captivity.
A chimera is not the same thing as a hybrid because it is a being composed of two or more
genetically distinct cell lines in one entity; it does not exist as a member of a separate
species but has differing elements inside of it.
An animal that has experienced an organ transplant or related surgery involving tissues from
a different species is an example.
Throughout past human evolution, hybridization occurred in many different instances, such
as cross-breeding between Neanderthals and ancient versions of what are now modern humans.
Some scientists have believed that particular genes of the Neanderthal may have been key
to ancient humans' adapting to the harsh climates they faced when they left Africa.
However, mixing between species in the wild both now and through natural history have
generally resulted in sterile offspring, thus being a kind of dead end in reproductive terms.
For much of modern history, the creation of genetically modified organisms in general
was a topic rooted in fiction rather than practical research.
This has changed significantly over the past few decades such that a number of plants and
animals are commonly subject to genetic engineering for commercial purposes.
For example, as of 2013 about 85% of the corn grown in the US as well as about 90% of its
canola crops have been genetically modified.
As well, many Americans that have had cardiovascular surgery have had heart valves initially from
pigs used in their procedures.
Issues relating to possible human-animal hybrids outside of a fictional, historical, or mythic
context but as real, engineered beings received major international attention in 2003,
after some Chinese scientists at the Shanghai Second Medical University managed to successfully
fuse human cells with rabbit eggs.
The embryos formed reportedly were the first stable human-animal chimeras in existence.
Research in similar areas continued into 2004 and 2005, with the topic picking up coverage
from publications such as National Geographic News.
The National Academy of Sciences soon began to look into the ethical questions involved.
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office additionally stirred interest into the topic by granting
a patent request for a genetically modified mouse with a human immune system.
Scientists announced in 2017 that they successfully created the first human-animal chimeric embryo.
The embryo consisted mostly pig cells and some human cells.
Scientists stated that they hope to use this technology to address of the shortage of donor
organs.
In terms of scientific ethics, restrictions on the creation of human-animal hybrids have
proved a controversial matter in multiple countries.
While the state of Arizona banned the practice altogether in 2010, a proposal on the subject
that sparked some interest in the United States Senate from 2011 to 2012 ended up going nowhere.
Although the two concepts are not strictly related, discussions of experimentation into
blended human and animal creatures has paralleled the discussions around embryonic stem-cell
research (the 'stem cell controversy').
The creation of genetically modified organisms for a multitude of purposes has taken place
in the modern world for decades, examples being specifically designed foodstuffs
made to have features such as higher crop yields through better disease resistance.
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