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Battles of Cyzicus (73 BC) and Tigranocerta (69 BC) - Mithridatic Wars DOCUMENTARY - Duration: 16:10.
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The First Mithridatic War ended and Lucius
Cornelius Sulla returned to Rome to deal with his political enemies
Mithridates retained control of his Pontic Kingdom, but was forced to give up
all of his gains. This unusually lenient agreement rendered the Republic's
situation in Anatolia unsustainable. The treaty, as well as Mithridates'
ambition for further conquest, made the next two decades of conflict inevitable.
Welcome to our account of the second and third
Mithridatic wars.
The fragile peace achieved at Dardanos in 85 BC couldn't last for long.
After Sulla's withdrawal Phrygia, Galatia and Cappadocia, as well as the legions in
the are were placed under the command of his trusted general Lucius Licinius
Murena. Meanwhile, as his Black Sea holdings rebelled,
Mithridates started raising a new army and navy.
The king's favored general Archelaus, who lost a few battles against Sulla in
the previous war, was afraid for his life and defected to Murena. He stoked the
fears of the Roman general, claiming that Mithridates is planning to break the
truce, so in in 83 BC Murena attacked Pontic
territory on the border with Cappadocia and took a few towns.
Mithridates sent envoys to invoke the former peace treaty, but this was ignored.
We have almost no details on the conflict that would be later known as
the Second Mithridatic War, but it seems that in 82 BC Murena invaded Pontic
territory once again, while Mithridates sent his general Gordius to retaliate
and plunder the province of Asia Minor.
After much maneuvering Gordius' army encountered the legions of Murena, with
both taking up a defensive position with the Halys river between them. The two
commanders initially waited on the opposite sides of the river. But soon Mithridates
appeared and reinforced the waiting Gordius with a much larger contingent.
Despite the desperate Roman defense of the crossings, the Pontic army forced the
river with their superior numbers and crushed
Murena's troops.
After this defeat, Murena received a message from Sulla ordering him to end
the war and make peace with Pontus. He obeyed, but the damage had already been done:
Mithridates restored his prestige
and the smaller kingdoms in the region started looking up to him again.
Pontic king used that respite to subdue the unrest in Colchis, he then returned
to his capital at Sinope and sent ambassadors to Rome, to sign the formal
peace agreements. Meanwhile the Roman appointed King of Cappadocia
Ariobarzanes complained to Sulla that Mithridates was still occupying some
Cappadocian land. Mithridates was reluctant to relinquish
the territory, but Sulla commanded him to do so and the Pontic King obeyed to avoid
a new conflict. However, in 78 BC Sulla passed away and that changed the balance
of power in the region yet again.
Mithridates once again asked his son-in-law, the Armenian king Tigranes II
to invade Cappadocia in order to avoid being seen as the aggressor.
While these events were taking place in Asia, a rebellious Roman commander in Hispania -
Sertorius, was warring against the Senate and big part of the Roman army was in
the area fighting him. Members of his faction came to Sinope and suggested to
Mithridates to becomes allies. Sertorius then sent some advisors to
assist Pontus. But the main reason for war was that the childless king of
Bithynia Nicomedes IV made Rome
the heir of his realm. Mithridates couldn't allow Rome to gain
more power in the region, so when Nicomedes passed away in
74 BC, the war became inevitable.
Mithridates made his move in the same year and invaded Bithynia once again.
Meanwhile two consuls of the previous year
Lucius Licinius Lucullus and Marcus Aurelius Cotta were appointed the
governors of Asia Minor and Bithynia respectively. They devised a plan:
Lucullus was to attack via land from Asia Minor into Pontus, while Cotta would
lead the fleet along the coast. Waiting for Lucullus, Cotta started gathering
his fleet in Chalcedon, but was too slow. Pontic fleet blockaded Roman
vessels in the harbor and then proceeded to destroy or capture most of them.
This left Mithridates almost unopposed in Anatolia. He left a small portion of his
army and a fleet near Tenedos to block any Roman reinforcements and set out to
siege the coastal city of Cyzicus.
In 73 BC Lucullus entered the region. He now had 3 legions under his command
and a number of allied troops for a total strength of 30,000 infantry and
2,000 cavalry. Lucullus quickly defeated the forces
left at Tenedos and marched towards Cyzicus to confront the Pontic forces.
However, there was only one narrow pass leading from the west and Mithridates had
a strong guard here. But, as Sertorius was assassinated in Hispania, advisors
he sent to Pontus were eager to restore their position in Rome and have begun
a secret, subversive communications with Lucullus. They convinced Mithridates to
allow the Romans through the pass, claiming that two of his legions were
ready to desert. This was a lie. The Pontic guard left the pass and
the legions then fortified a hill near the Pontic camp so that Mithridates could
not be supplied by land. Nevertheless, as he had more than 50 thousand troops under his
command, he continued the siege.
The king initially sent 3,000 Cyzican prisoners on the ships so that the citizens
would let him in, but that failed. Then a massive tower erected on two ships was
pushed towards the walls from which a bridge was projected, allowing the Pontic
soldiers to enter the city. The defenders were surprised by the device,
so this succeeded at first, but eventually the Pontic troops were pushed
out and had to retreat. Meanwhile, land forces attacking with siege towers and
rams were repelled three times in a single day.
Finally, a section of the weakened wall gave way in the evening, but the
defenders built improvised fortifications behind it. The assault had
had failed. Soon after all the siege engines of Mithridates were destroyed after this the King's engines were all destroyed by a large
storm. At this point Mithridates decided that his
cavalry was not useful in a siege and sent it away in order to save supplies.
However, the Romans, who had been waiting on the hill, charged down as the cavalry
was crossing a river, capturing thousands and killing many more. Supplies could not
reach the Pontic army when winter came, and many of the men died of starvation
and plague.
Seeing this, the defenders began to sally out frequently, and this convinced
Mithridates to lift the siege. In early 72 BC the king evacuated with his
fleet while his army withdrew over land. More Pontic troops died crossing
a swollen river. Lucullus also attacked them here and
caused more casualties. Back in Cyzicus, games were instituted in honor of
Lucullus which were celebrated for centuries after, called the Lucullean
games.
Lucullus continued to advance against Mithridates, with both sides winning and
Mithridates had to escape to Armenia
in the east with only 2,000 cavalry, whilst the Romans captured key cities
within the Pontic heartland, finally capturing Sinope a few weeks later.
By 71 BC most of Anatolia was under the Roman control.
In the same year, Lucullus sent friendly envoys to the son of Mithridates,
king of Bosphorus Machares, who betrayed his father and agreed to become
the client of Rome. He also demanded
Tigranes to surrender his father-in-law, but the latter refused
The Armenian king controlled Eastern Anatolia, Cilicia, parts of Syria, Iran and
the Caucasus, and was confident. Roman general spent 70 BC building up the
Roman military and administrative presence in Anatolia. In 69 BC he finally
moved against Tigranes with an army consisting of 35 thousand infantry and 10 thousand
cavalry. Meanwhile, Tigranes was supported by the kings of Iberia and
Albania, and had more than 80 thousand under his command. He was eager to engage
Lucullus and ignored Mithridates' advice to avoid the open battle. While
Tigranes was still recruiting troops, Lucullus marched straight at Tigranocerta
and besieged it.
Soon after, Armenian army approached, and the Romans fell back behind the river.
Tigranes started forming up in front of
a hill with a small group of phalangites in the center surrounded by the melee
infantry and missile troops in front. His heavy cavalry – cataphracts were
placed on the right flank, while a bigger group of horse archers manned the left.
Lucullus knew that he is outnumbered, so he formed most of his army in a single
line to avoid being outflanked. He had legionaries in the center with an
equal number of cavalry on the either flank. A force of light Bithynian skirmishers was
screening his infantry. Initially, Lucullus intended to make a running
charge into the Armenians with his infantry, so that their missile units
would not have as much time to grind the Romans down, but at the last moment he
pulled his men back to try something else.
Lucullus knew that the cataphracts were the greatest danger to his infantry,
so the Roman and allied cavalry was sent against the Armenians, but retreated
slowly without committing to the battle. This feigned retreat distracted the
forces of Tigranes and allowed Lucullus to personally lead two maniples
of his infantry on a wide flanking maneuver across the river and around
the enemy's right side, in order to occupy the hill behind the Armenian army.
Coming to the top of the hill, the Roman commander saw that the relatively
undisciplined enemy forces had broken their formation in pursue of the Roman cavalry.
He decided this was the moment and charged down the hill into the rear
of the Armenian cataphracts. Armenian cavalrymen were surprised and attempted
to escape but crashed into their own infantry
causing a massive panic in the center, which began to break rank en masse.
Tigranes escaped with his baggage train. Casualties for this battle are disputed,
but the Romans probably only suffered moderately, whereas the Armenian army was
almost entirely broken and their capital surrendered.
Lucullus continued his campaign and pushed Tigranes to the East. A year
year later, in 68 BC the Romans won another battle at Artaxata.
Unfortunately for Lucullus, Mithridates left Tigranes and returned to his
kingdom in 67 BC. The Romans had less than 10 thousand troops defending the area
and Mithridates utterly defeated them at Zela. Lucullus was forced to
retreat from Armenia to avoid encirclement. His army mutinied and in 66 BC
he was replaced by Gnaeus Pompey. At that point, the Romans were outnumbering
Mithridates and his pleas for peace were ignored.
Pompey defeated the king at the battle of Lyceus. At the same time the Romans
entered in alliance with the Parthians, and when the latter attacked
Armenia, Tigranes was forced to become the Roman client. Mithridates was forced to
withdrew north into Colchis in 65 BC. Pompey was pursuing close behind.
The Romans defeated the Iberians and Albanians along the way. That gave Mithridates
time to murder his traitorous son Machares. He was aiming to attack Rome
again, but the populace was war weary and backed his younger son Pharnaces in
rebellion in 63 BC. This betrayal was the last straw, and Mithridates tried
to commit a suicide by poison. The poison would not work, and his bodyguard killed him.
The third Mithridatic War was concluded. Pompey continued his campaigns in the
East and the wars with the Pontic kingdom were far from over, but that is a tale
for another documentary.
Thank you for watching our documentary on the second and third Mithridatic Wars.
If you want to see more videos on the Roman history, please, share this video.
We would like to express our gratitude to our Patreon supporters, who make
the creation of our videos possible. Now, you can also support us directly via Youtube
by pressing the sponsorship button below the video or buy our merchandise via the
link in the description. This is the Kings and Generals channel, and we will
catch you on the next one.
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Chicago Fire - A Dedication to Otis' Cane (Digital Exclusive) - Duration: 1:10.
-You are cleared to return to active duty.
-Yeah!
-Welcome Otis back to his spot on Truck 81.
[ Applause ]
-Otis.
-Whoo-whoo!
-A lot of thought and consideration
go into honoring those in our firehouse
who struggle to overcome impossible odds.
To earn a place of respect on any wall here at 51,
well, that is only reserved for the strongest among us,
which is why we would like to recognize...
Otis's cane.
[ Laughter ]
She bent, but she never broke.
She fell, but she never stayed down.
She had to endure palm sweat
no object on this planet should be subjected to.
To Otis's cane.
-Otis's cane!
[ Applause ]
-[ Laughs ]
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Chicago PD - Next: Arrested for Murder (Sneak Peek) - Duration: 1:34.
-What the hell do you want?
Hmm?
-Bad news, Al.
Grand jury voted to indict.
-You're under arrest for the murder of Kevin Bingham.
Stand up.
-We're gonna need your weapon and badge.
-What, are you kidding me? Handcuffs?
He's got 30 years on the job.
-Weapon and badge now.
♪♪
♪♪
♪♪
♪♪
[ Handcuffs clicking ]
♪♪
Let's go.
-I got this.
♪♪
♪♪
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Every Creature in Dejarik - Star Wars Holochess - Duration: 3:30.
Dejarik was the name of the two player game seen played by Chewbacca and R2-D2 on the
Millennium Falcon in A New Hope.
It featured various real or mythological creatures that battled each other, and they could be
physical pieces, or holographic.
The rules of the game have yet to be fully fleshed out, but I thought it would be fun
to go through the origins of each of the game pieces.
The names are all canon, but I'll have to use Legends material to explain some of them.
The Kintan strider was from the planet Kintan.
Located in Hutt Space, it was the homeworld of the Nikto species.
The striders were known to be very aggressive, and have self-healing abilities that made
them especially durable.
Many Hutts used the semi-sentient creatures as guards.
The handle of Tasu Leech's blaster was made from the bones of a Kintan strider.
Mantellian Savrips were the native species of Ord Mantell.
They were classified as semi-sentient, but I think that's an unfair assessment.
They seemed to have at least begun developing technology and culture, but were interrupted
by the Galactic Republic that began to colonize their home.
They fought back against the invaders, who responded by offering bounties on their hides.
They were nearly driven to extinction, and then they were put into a game where they
were referred to as holomonsters.
Justice for the Savrips!
Monnoks were another semi-sentient creature feared throughout the deserts of Socorro,
Lando Calrissian's home planet.
Like the Savrips, they were intelligent enough to make their own basic weapons.
Unlike the Savrips, they were respected by the beings that shared their home.
The Ghhhk, or however you pronounce a G with three Hs and a K were a species that lived
in the trees of Clak'dor VII.
That planet was also simply known as Bith, and was the homeworld of the Bith species,
who used the oil from the skin of a Ghhhk as some sort of healing salve.
Grimtaash was the name of a mythological being from Alderaan.
According to legend, Grimtaash was the spirit of a magical creature called a Molator that
protected the royal house of Alderaan from betrayal.
The houjix was a creature from the planet Kinyen, which was the homeworld of the Gran
species.
Although they looked ferocious, they were known to actually be cowardly yet loyal pets.
The k'lor'slug was a large, wormlike creature from Noe'ha'on.
The could also be found on Korriban and Taris.
They had bladed legs and a gaping maw filled with teeth and venom.
They were aggressive pests that reproduced quickly.
Finally, the Ng'ok, were supposedly foul-tempered, awful smelling beasts that had razor sharp
retractible claws, and dangerous, lashing tails.
Their homeworld was not known, but they could be seen throughout the galaxy used as guard
creatures.
Even in Legends, not much more is known about dejarik.
We've mostly seen it played in holographic format, but Rogue One featured a physical
version of the game.
Behind the scenes, the game was given the very inspired name Space Chess in the instruction
manual for the Millennium Falcon toy that came out in 1979.
The name dejarik not created until two decades later.
That's it for today!
If you haven't already, please like this video, subscribe to the channel, follow me
on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, and consider checking out my Patreon page!
As always, thanks for watching, and may the Force be with you!
-------------------------------------------
Logan Ending Scene | LOGAN (2017) Movie CLIP HD (+Subtitles) - Duration: 2:59.
No!
Daddy.
Dad.
"A man has to be what he is, Joey.
"Can't break the mold.
"There's no living with a killing.
"There's no going back.
"Right or wrong, it's a brand.
"A brand that sticks.
"Now you run on home to your mother.
"You tell her everything's all right.
"There are no more guns in the valley."
Let's go. We gotta move.
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Peppa Pig New Stories Compilation | Funny Cartoons Full English Episodes for Children Nursery Rhymes - Duration: 13:31.
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Two Tone Gradient Stripe Background - Stunning Cosmos at Altenew! - Duration: 7:42.
Hi it's Therese and I'm here for Altenew today and I'm going to be creating a
two tone background I'm using the gradient stripes background stamp set and it
comes with quite a few really nice sentiments as well in a really pretty
font but I'm going to start off with the background so I like the idea of sort of changing
up your stamps and getting more out of them and this is a really easy way to
create the two tone background I'm using my Misti because it is such a large
stamp it's a lot more forgiving so it means that I can actually stamp this out
a few times and know that I'm going to stamp it in exactly the same spot so
what I've done here to create my two tone background is just to do some simple
masking and I've got some post-it notes to do that with
and this just means that you can get more out of your stamps I did
consider making every stripe a different color maybe that's a video for the
future but I thought it would be really pretty to do I've come back to the Grays
again I'm on a real gray kick at the moment and I thought it would be really
pretty to have blue and gray together so now I've just I didn't use the same
masks even though it probably wouldn't have mattered the more you use a mask
the more chance there is especially when the mask is just a paper mask like this
the more chance there is of ink seeping in behind the mask and contaminating the
area that I've already stamped so I did actually lash out and use a couple of
new post-it notes for the gray section and I just took note of where the
stripes were that I had stamped out in the blue and made sure that only chose
just to stamp the stripes that were above that mark
I think the blue and the gray look awesome together so as you can see I did
actually stamp both of these out twice this is a fairly new stamp to me and I
did prep it with an eraser first but it was just safer to come in a couple of
times and it is a large stamp so that's where the Misti can help as well I
decided to add some of these stunning cosmos flowers I want to keep this
fairly clean and simple oh, and that was just a panel of
cardstock that wasn't actually my base of cardstock that I was working on either.
so I stamped out three of the flowers with some of the permanent black ink
from Altenew and it is perfect to use with your alcohol markers and I have got
the lids off to the side just showing which markers I did use today I really
just wanted a shadow kind of look on these petals of these flowers so I am
just using a really light hand here and just using a flicking motion to add that
shading and of course they've got a nice bright yellow center now this cosmos set
is actually a layering set so you could easily stamp out the layers and it has
some layers for the center as well I just chose not to use them and
in the last release Altenew actually added some coordinating dies for this set so
that just makes life so much easier and
they're really simple to line up because they have the open center so I and then
I could just run it through my little mini blossom die-cutting machine. On this
die-cutting machine the base plate is the one that you cut into and that is
the thicker plate it just kind of if you think about it it makes sense because
the more you cut into something the more it's likely to warp
so the thicker plate is less likely to warp that's how I worked it out
alright so these stems for their flowers I just want to
show you how I made sure that they were going to die-cut well so I laid down my
dies with the cutting side down actually laid my stamps my acrylic stamps on top
and then picked up the stamps with my block and then remove the dies before I
stamp them out with some olive ink
easy-peasy except I didn't stamp one of them very well but that didn't matter
because I knew that I wasn't going to be using all of the images anyway and
then it's just a simple matter of lining up the dies again over top and then
running in through my die-cutting machine the sentiment today like I said
has some great it has some great sentiments in the gradient stripes set
and I've got some pale gray cardstock mmm not black pale gray cardstock and I
am going to white heat emboss on this and initially when you add the embossing
powder it doesn't look really white but look at it once you hit it with the heat
tool and you see that powder melting it goes that nice bright white it's
a really nice embossing powder this one from Altenew it's kind of become my
go-to one now and I just did quickly cut down my panel to fit the front of my
card and add the rest of my sentiment with some permanent black ink
I have a top fold card and I'm adding some adhesive to my gradient striped
panel and just gonna add that to the front of my top fold card isn't that
pretty you could almost just leave it like that
it was set of cards with stripes so cool especially with the big letters you
could easily add a sentiment with some nice you know the bold alphabet dies
from Altenew I think that would look really fab as well
I did decide to pop up some of the flowers and add some directly to the
card base I really like the dotted adhesive for this because especially
with the thin stems you can run the adhesive along there I just think that
the liquid glue is I'm a bit impatient for those and the dotted adhesive is
only going to adhere to the cardstock where you touch it the rest doesn't sort
of hang over the side so easy to use and I did actually add a double layer of
foam tape behind one of the flowers just to make it pop up a little bit more
off the card now to cut those it all stems off I'll just flip the card over
and get a nice long straight pair of scissors and that's my finished card for
today I'll link everything at the blog and
you'll find a link to the blog post below until next time have a great day
bye
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All New BMW R1250R 2019 Concept Leak Details | Mich Motorcycle - Duration: 2:06.
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Take a Chance Take a Risk Take a Leap of Faith - Live Life DIY - Duration: 3:52.
Living life safe is the most unsafe thing you can do. What does this mean?
If I have learned anything in my life. I have learned, do what makes you happy.
Please. trust me. And if or when your interest change,
it's okay to end one chapter in your life and begin a new chapter.
Maybe a happy beginning, or maybe a happy ending.
We all know Steve Jobs opinion, "If today were the last day of your life,
would you want to do what you are about to do today."
I'm pretty sure Steve literally means what he says.
And Ray Bradbury said, "Jump off the cliff ,
and build your wings on the way down."
I'm pretty sure Ray doesn't literally mean for you to jump off of a cliff.
It's what we might call, a metaphor.
Embrace what you love and jump into a new chapter in your life.
You can live your self-sufficient life,
On the beach in a Hawaiian shirt.
In the city in a dress shirt and a tie.
In the woods in a flannel shirt or wherever.
Why?
Maybe you survived a divorce. Maybe you survived a hurricane or a tornado.
Maybe you've survived the loss of a child or loved one.
Life's fragile so get on with it.
If you aren't happy take a leap of faith and believe in yourself.
You are never too young or too old to begin a new chapter.
A happy chapter in your life.
Are you allergic to Mondays?
And Tuesdays and Wednesdays?
It's interesting how our brain works.
As Henry Ford said, "Whether you think you can or you think you can't you're right."
If you focus on why you can't do something,
your brain will give you a bunch of reasons why you can't do it.
But guess what? It works the other way, and if you give yourself a reason,
just one good reason, to do something new you can do it.
Believe in yourself.
Do something you don't normally do. Take a chance. Take a risk.
Take a leap of faith and see what happens.
You just might find yourself doing what makes you happy.
What's the worst thing that might happen?
Believe in yourself. Take a good long hard look at what you're doing right now.
You can live your self-sufficient life anywhere.
And you can start a new chapter in your life whenever you want to.
With a happy beginning and that happy ending.
The world is full of people who live life safe. You want to do more in your life.
You know someone that needs to change their life.
If only they were willing to jump off a cliff. It's a metaphor.
Believe in yourself.
Ask a question in the comments. Share with a friend that needs to change.
We truly want you to succeed, to succeed.
Live Life Doing it Yourself
-------------------------------------------
Perfect Beachy Waves hair Tutorial | curly hairstyle - Duration: 10:45.
Thank you for watching
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