One hundred years ago, in 1918, Europe and America were at the height of World War I.
People were moving all over, especially soldiers flocking to the Western Front to fight.
At the beginning of the war's final year, another enemy would enter the trenches, one
that threatened people on and off the battlefield and eventually led to more deaths than all
war-related causes combined.
That enemy was the flu.
What made it so deadly?
And 100 years later, could it happen again?
[OPEN]
No one knows for sure where the original 1918 flu infection happened.
As the first bout of illnesses cropped up in North America, Europe, and Asia it didn't
kill many people.
But by the Fall of 1918 the disease had grown deadlier.
People displayed classic flu symptoms like nausea, fever, and aches, but many began to
develop dark spots on their cheeks, their breathing became difficult, and their faces
turned blue from lack of oxygen.
These people caught pneumonia and died from suffocation.
Along the Western Front, rows of dead soldiers piled up, who had just days earlier been young
able men.
Because the world was at war, news of these deaths was kept quiet to maintain morale.
Only the Spanish, who had remained neutral in the war, wrote about the frightening numbers
of illnesses and deaths, which is why this disease is named for them (such an honor!).
By the time the disease declined in 1919, one third of the world had been infected with
the Spanish flu, and between 50 million and 100 million people died– as much as 5% of
the world population at the time.
Enough people died in the US that the average lifespan fell by 10 years.
It was a flu more deadly than any we'd seen before or since.
But the flu has been around for a long time.
We see it every year.
What made the 1918 outbreak so bad?
To understand this, we need to shrink down to the nanoscale world.
Influenza is a virus Influenza is a virus, which is essentially a container made to carry
genetic information.
These genes are the blueprints for building more virus - using the machinery of your own
cells.
Variations in these genetic blueprints determine how deadly a particular virus is.
The virus' armored shell is made up of two proteins.
One unlocks the door to your cells.
The better it can do this, the more infectious it becomes.
The second helps newly made viruses escape from the cell.
Every flu strain has a name based on different combinations of slightly different H and N
proteins.
We now know the 1918 flu was an H1N1 strain, and many Influenza viruses today are a descendant
of it, including the 2009 "bird flu".
When you catch the flu virus, it invades your cells, the viruses reproduce, and infected
cells eventually burst.
Your immune system senses this mess, identifies the attacker, and starts building an army
of cells that specifically recognize the invader by reading its unique H and N surface proteins.
These recognizable bits are called antigens.
Once you're better, other cells "remember" that antigen, so you almost never get infected
with the exact same flu twice.
But the flu has a few tricks up its sleeve.
Each time it replicates its genes, it makes random mistakes or mutations.
We call this gradual change antigenic drift.
So if, say, an H1N1 strain undergoes enough mutations, the immune system may not recognize
it, and it can make you sick again.
This is why you need a new flu shot every year.
But, more extreme changes in flu genes can also occur.
If an unlucky host is infected with two flu viruses at the same time, their genes can
shuffle.
Instead of small gradual changes, this can lead to radically new genetic combinations.
Imagine if Nickelback and Limp Bizkit joined forces to make Nickelbizkit.
It would be even more dangerous than the originals.
This kind of shuffle is called an antigenic shift, and it creates flu viruses completely
unrecognizable to our immune system.
These are the viruses most likely to cause massive outbreaks like 1918.
To understand if we're at risk for another super virus emerging today, we need to know
exactly what made the 1918 flu so catastrophic.
Today we have better sanitation, vaccines, and antivirals, yet hundreds of thousands
of people still die every year from the flu.
But the 1918 flu was different in some very deadly ways, thanks to its unique genetic
arrangement.
In the late 1990s, two scientists resurrected the genetic code of the 1918 influenza virus
preserved in a body buried in Alaskan permafrost.
Turns out two bits of the 1918 flu were essential for its viral badness.
A deadlier form of the H surface protein helped it enter and kill lung cells more efficiently.
It also carried genes that helped it make copies of itself 50 times faster than modern
flus.
But it was really when all of the other pieces of the 1918 virus were put together *with*
these two that it became a "super virus" and to be honest, we still don't have a
complete answer as to why.
One answer is more certain: Another deadly flu like 1918 IS possible.
Two general factors determine if a flu will be particularly bad - how well it travels
from human to human, and how deadly it is once it gets inside of us.
For example the H5N1 bird flu has a mortality rate of more than 50%, but it can't spread
from human to human, only from birds to humans.
When you get a flu that's good at both, like 1918, that's how you get a pandemic.
Say, for example, bird flu mutates so it can be transmitted between humans.
That would be very bad.
It's true that modern medicine and flu shots have helped in humanity's war against the
flu, but other aspects of our modern culture have put us more at risk for a pandemic.
Humans aren't the only species that can carry the flu.
But because some of these other versions are similar to human flu, a few changes and they
can jump the species barrier.
We have increased contact with livestock today, making these species jumps more likely.
And since we travel so much today, a deadly virus could spread across the globe in hours.
While we don't know how to predict where a pandemic will start, scientists agree it's
not a question of if, but when.
If a flu like 1918 popped up today, an estimated 100 million people could die world wide.
Can we do anything to be ready?
Containing a pandemic will require global cooperation to stop the spread and treat infected
people.
Because traditional vaccines take months to develop, scientists are working on a universal
flu vaccine, one that would protect against any strain of the flu, but the task has obviously
been difficult because the flu is constantly changing.
These days, the flu feels like an annoying yearly thing.
If you remember to get a shot, maybe it can save you from a few days fever and runny nose.
But flu is a real and honest threat to humanity.
Humans and influenza have been at war for centuries.
Flu infects humans.
Humans develop immunity.
The flu mutates and the process starts again.
Perhaps one day, science will help us leave influenza in the history books.
But for now, stay safe, support science, and stay curious.
For more infomation >> The Deadliest Flu Season in History? - Duration: 8:44.-------------------------------------------
Nowości w Militaria.pl 31.10.2018 - Duration: 2:39.
For more infomation >> Nowości w Militaria.pl 31.10.2018 - Duration: 2:39. -------------------------------------------
Jeep Wrangler JK Mammoth Front Adjustable Track Bar (2007-2018) Review & Install - Duration: 6:08.
The Mammoth Adjustable Front Track Bar is for those of you that have a 2007 to 2018
JK that are looking for a track bar that's going to allow you to completely recenter
the front axle underneath the Jeep after a lift kit has been installed.
As you know, when you lift your Jeep, that will shift the front axle a little bit.
There are some brackets that you can use to help shift it back, but they're also going
to change up your suspension geometry by changing the mounting point of one end of your track
bar.
That will also force you to change the geometry of your drag link in order to eliminate any
sort of bump steer.
So using a adjustable track bar that will mount to the factory mounts, leaving the factory
drag link as is, is going to ensure that you don't end up with any bump steer or any other
weird suspension geometry issues.
This is going to be very, very easy to install, definitely a one out of three wrench installation,
and we'll talk a little bit more about that in a just a second.
So, when you're looking at adjustable track bars, you're really going to find two main
categories.
One is going to be a style like this, that has factory style rubber bushings on both
ends.
And the other is going to be a style that has a heim style joint on one end.
That spherical style joint is going to provide a little bit more articulation.
So if you're somebody who has control arms that have spherical joints on them, you're
trying to get maximum articulation, maximum independent movement of either side of your
axle, then maybe you want to take a look at one of those other options.
However, they are gonna be a little bit more expensive.
If you're somebody who isn't really looking for maximum amount of travel, just want something
very strong, a little more budget-friendly, this choice from Mammoth is gonna be an excellent
option.
As for the construction, this thing is really all about strength.
It's going to be a nice beefy track bar.
It does have a bend and a flat spot here that's going to make sure that it's gonna clear the
front pumpkin [SP] no problem.
A little bit of a twist at the end here, just to make sure that everything fits and lines
up in all of the factory mounts as it should.
I already mentioned that it has a factory style rubber bushing here.
It also does have a steel crush sleeve, because as you may or may not know, a loose track
bar is one of the leading causes of wobble and especially of death wobble.
So you do wanna make sure you get this thing torqued down nice and tight.
In order to ensure that you're not going to squish the bushing, causing any sort of damage
to it, you do have a crush sleeve inside of that bushing, so very, very well-designed,
and they are gonna be matching bushings on those sides.
As far as the adjustability, this is adjustable while it's mounted on the Jeep, which is pretty
important.
It can take forever to adjust, measure, pull one end of this thing off, adjust, measure,
rinse and repeat the process trying to get the axle completely centered.
This way you can get this bolted up onto both ends here, loosen up the clamp, spin the adjuster,
and it will recenter the axle for you, making things a lot easier and a lot quicker to make
that adjustment, then you just have to tighten down your clamps.
This comes in at $130.
I think that's a really fair price for what you're gonna get here.
Again, if you want a track bar that has a spherical joint on one or both ends, you have
those options.
They are going to be a little bit pricier.
If you're not going to take advantage of the additional articulation you can get from one
of those styles of the track bar, then I think this one is going to be just fine for you,
and save you some money.
Now I'll have a member of the install team show you how you get this bolted up.
First thing we wanna do is support the front axle.
I'm gonna use some pole jacks here.
If you guys don't have pole jacks, you can use a jack and some jack stands.
All right, next we can start to remove the track bar.
There's an upper bolt and there's a lower bolt.
We're gonna need a 21-millimeter socket and a 21-millimeter wrench.
All right, we're gonna start off with the bottom bolt here.
Now, the back side of this bolt does have a flag nut on it, so we don't have to hold
it with the wrench.
We can zip it out with the impact gun.
And again, this is a 21-millimeter.
Okay, now we can remove the upper bolt, and we're gonna have to hold the back side of
this with a 21-millimeter wrench, and 21-millimeter socket.
And we can remove our stock track bar.
All right, now before we install our new track bar, we wanna take a measurement of the stock
track bar, and make it as close as possible to our new track bar.
So we wanna go center of the bolt hole, to center of the bolt hole, and that's gonna
give us 32.5 inches.
So we can measure our new adjustable track bar, and we're about 31.75 of an inch, so
we need to extend it a little bit.
All right, that looks good.
Yep, we're now ready to install our new track bar.
We're gonna get our new track bar installed now.
We're gonna start off with the upper bolt.
Get my nut started on the back.
All right, we can get our bottom bolt installed now, with our flag nut.
All right, we get these tightened up now.
And now we can tighten up the upper bolt.
And after you've adjusted your track bar to where you would like it, we can tighten up
the adjustment clamps here.
It's a 15-millimeter bolt.
All right guys, that's gonna wrap up our review and install of the Mammoth Front Adjustable
Track Bar.
Be sure to check out more at extremeterrain.com.
-------------------------------------------
Horror Trailer - NBC Comedies (Digital Exclusive) - Duration: 1:02.
-Today is a high alert day.
I can't stress enough the importance of being vigilant...
-I'm scared. -...in light of the serious
threats we'll be facing.
-[ Laughs evilly ]
-Please don't hurt me! I don't want to die! Please!
-Dina's right. So, everybody keep an eye out
for anything out of the ordinary, okay?
-Attention -- I have been murdered.
Attention -- I have been murdered.
-A murderer? -Run!
-Everything is a weapon today, okay?
[ Both grunting ]
[ Heart beating ]
-[ Crying ] It's about to get really bad.
-Sandra! Sandra!
-Have a great purge!
-------------------------------------------
Spooky Halloween Haunted House from Steve and Maggie + MORE Magic Songs, Stories | Wow English TV - Duration: 44:42.
For more infomation >> Spooky Halloween Haunted House from Steve and Maggie + MORE Magic Songs, Stories | Wow English TV - Duration: 44:42. -------------------------------------------
¡Se acabó el pleito entre Marjorie de Sousa y Julián Gil! | Un Nuevo Día | Telemundo - Duration: 3:34.
For more infomation >> ¡Se acabó el pleito entre Marjorie de Sousa y Julián Gil! | Un Nuevo Día | Telemundo - Duration: 3:34. -------------------------------------------
Waymo Gets Green Light To Start Testing Driverless Cars - Duration: 0:28.
For more infomation >> Waymo Gets Green Light To Start Testing Driverless Cars - Duration: 0:28. -------------------------------------------
Don't Fear the Fat (Teaser) | Consumer Reports - Duration: 0:47.
Hmm, well I'm getting a little bit hungry.
Let's see if there's anything in the refrigerator.
No, nothing here.
Trisha Calvo, food editor here at Consumer Reports.
How are you?
Hi, Jack.
So I'm looking for something to eat because I'm just little bit
hungry.
You want to split an avocado with me?
No, I don't do any avocados.
I hear they have fat.
You know, fat can actually be good for you.
What are you saying?
There are good fats, and there are bad fats.
-------------------------------------------
2018 Mexican Grand Prix F1 Debrief - Duration: 7:57.
For more infomation >> 2018 Mexican Grand Prix F1 Debrief - Duration: 7:57. -------------------------------------------
মেয়েদের বিশেষ স্থানে টুথপেষ্ট মাখলে কি হয় জানলে বারবার মাখবেন । Benefits of Toothpaste for Female - Duration: 3:56.
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-------------------------------------------
Cool School Hacks To Make You Say WOW - DIY Back To School Life Hacks - Duration: 10:48.
For more infomation >> Cool School Hacks To Make You Say WOW - DIY Back To School Life Hacks - Duration: 10:48. -------------------------------------------
New Kawasaki Z1000J 2019 Limited Edition - By JaKuSa Design | Mich Motorcycle - Duration: 2:06.
For more infomation >> New Kawasaki Z1000J 2019 Limited Edition - By JaKuSa Design | Mich Motorcycle - Duration: 2:06. -------------------------------------------
Season Two Binge | THE GIFTED - Duration: 1:11.
For more infomation >> Season Two Binge | THE GIFTED - Duration: 1:11. -------------------------------------------
Видео для детей про игрушки. Время быть героем. Щенячий патруль и герои в масках - Duration: 4:28.
For more infomation >> Видео для детей про игрушки. Время быть героем. Щенячий патруль и герои в масках - Duration: 4:28. -------------------------------------------
Cách Làm Thịt Dê Nhanh Chỉ 30 Phút || Giải Trí Vlog - Duration: 27:18.
For more infomation >> Cách Làm Thịt Dê Nhanh Chỉ 30 Phút || Giải Trí Vlog - Duration: 27:18. -------------------------------------------
Decoupage Tutorial - Christmas Glass Bottle Art - Duration: 10:23.
Clean and degrease the surface of glass with alcohol.
Cut an image out of the rice paper 45799.
Paint two opposite sides of the bottle with Chameleon Glass Paint 3460.
Apply a glue for decoupage CPLUS onto the surface and glue the image.
Cut an image out of the rice paper 45799.
Apply a glue for decoupage CPLUS onto the surface and glue the image.
Apply a glue for decoupage CPLUS onto the surface and glue white rice paper ARP1.
Tear the pieces out of white rice paper ARP1 and glue them onto all surfaces except images.
After drying apply glossy varnish KADL1.
Draw the template and cut it out of paper.
Run a contour of the template.
Draw lines that will imitate a door.
Apply 3d gel-varnish 0CGEL onto the lines. Leave it to dry.
Apply red glitter KON005 onto 3d gel-varnish 0CGEL. Leave it to dry.
Apply a stencil adhesive Cad9721 onto the stencil K296 and fix it onto surface.
Apply a bead Paste 21321, then remove the stencil.
After drying the paste will become transparent.
Add some ornament onto the surface with gold glitter KON002.
Mix Media ink diluent 21097 with Media ink 21011.
Paint the bricks with Media ink.
Apply glitter KON001 onto the bricks.
Thank You!
-------------------------------------------
happy halloween meme - Duration: 1:02.
For more infomation >> happy halloween meme - Duration: 1:02. -------------------------------------------
Second Encounter || Tamil Dubbed Movies || Latest Dubbed Movies 2018 - Duration: 2:13:02.
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