We voted on Patreon and the crew wanted some American history. so today we're
talking about one of the most important, consequential presidents in American
history – Franklin D Roosevelt! I'm going to be using Wikipedia today to tell you
more about him, and you should use Wikipedia too in English, because it's a
great strategy to find the vocabulary you need related to any topic and you
can go directly from your language to the English article language. best yet, is
that Wikipedia is edited by real people using real English! so do it!
and since we're describing a person today, on Patreon all patrons will be
giving a special video: how to describe or introduce other people. and how to
describe and introduce yourself! so become a patron to get that special
video and so many more! Franklin Delano Roosevelt. January 30th 1882-April 12
1945. commonly known as FDR. was an American Statesman and political leader
who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death
in 1945. a Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a
central figure in world events during the mid 20th century. Roosevelt directed
the United States government during most of the Great Depression. implementing his
New Deal domestic agenda in response to the worst economic crisis in US history.
as a dominant leader of his party, he built the New Deal coalition. realigning
American politics into the fifth party system and defining American liberalism
throughout the middle third of the 20th century. his third and fourth terms were
dominated by World War II. he is often rated by scholars as one of the three
greatest US presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. a
statesman is just a political figure, someone who works or operates inside of
politics, a politician. to realign means to reposition,
to put yourself on a different path, to go a different way. and the thing FDR
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, is most famous for, is the New Deal.
the New Deal was a program to stimulate economic growth, to lower unemployment,
and to energize the US economy! so that was a general overview, now let's get an
introduction to his life. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to a
prominent Dutch American New York family, and attended Groton School. he went on to
graduate from Harvard College in 1903, and attended Columbia Law School before
practicing law in New York City. in 1905 he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and the
couple went on to have six children. he won election to the New York State
Senate in 1910, and then served as assistant secretary of the Navy under
President Woodrow Wilson during World War I.
Roosevelt was James M Cox's running mate on the Democratic Party's 1920 national
ticket. but Cox was defeated by Warren g Harding. in 1921, roosevelt contracted a
paralytic illness which left his legs permanently paralyzed. he attempted to
recover from the illness and founded the treatment center in Warm Springs Georgia.
for people with poliomyelitis. Roosevelt returned to public office by winning
election as governor of New York in 1928. he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and
served as a reform governor, promoting programs to combat the economic crisis
besetting the United States at the time. okay so this is Roosevelt up to the time
he became president. when you want to become a politician you need a running
mate. if you're a president, it's your vice president. your running mate is the
person who assists you. in politics the ticket means who is running, who is
competing, for that position. when we talk about the presidential campaign, the
ticket or the national ticket, means the president and the vice president. we can
contract an illness, it means to get an illness. a reform means a change, and the
verb here is to reform. and he was a reform governor, it means he was a
governor who was trying to create change. the change here to overcome the Great
Depression. the governor is the most important politician within a state,
basically controls or decides most of the state's policies.
and for something to beset, is talking about a difficulty or a problem. it
troubles or threatens persistently, all of the time! and that's exactly what the
Great Depression did. so let's find out a little bit more about the presidency of
FDR. in the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated Republican President
Herbert Hoover in a landslide. Roosevelt took office while the United States was
in the midst of the worst economic crisis in history. during the first 100
days of the 73rd United States Congress, Roosevelt spearheaded unprecedented
federal legislation and issued a profusion of executive orders that
instituted the New Deal; a variety of programs designed to produce relief,
recovery, and reform. he created numerous programs to provide relief to the
unemployed and farmers, while seeking economic recovery with the National
Recovery Administration and other programs. he also instituted major
regulatory reforms related to finance, communications, and labor, and presided
over the end of Prohibition. the economy improved rapidly from 1933 to 1937, and
Roosevelt won a landslide re-election in 1936. but the economy relapsed into a
deep recession in 1937 to 1938. after the 1936 election Roosevelt galvanized
opposition by seeking passage of the judiciary reorganization bill of 1937,
which could have expanded the size of the Supreme Court of the United States.
the bipartisan conservative coalition that formed in 1937 prevented passage of
that bill, and blocked the implementation of further New Deal programs and reforms.
major surviving programs and legislation implemented under Roosevelt include the
Securities and Exchange Commission and Social Security. okay so Roosevelt did a
lot, he undertook a lot of efforts while he was president. when he became
president, and when he ran for office again, he won by a landslide. also you can
say he won in a landslide. this means by a huge margin, it was not very
competitive. if you are in the midst of something, it means you are in the middle
of something. you could also say that you are in the thick
of something, or in the thick of it. he spearheaded a lot of different programs.
to spearhead means to drive them, to control and manage them with a lot of
force and energy. he presided over the end of Prohibition. The Prohibition was a
period in American history where the consumption and purchase of alcohol was
completely illegal. he did a lot of this by galvanizing support. to galvanize
means to excite or to shock someone into action, to encourage it! one last
paragraph and I'm going to read this one a bit faster!
Roosevelt ran for re-election in 1940 and his victory made him the first and
only president to serve for more than two terms. with World War two looming
after 1938 with the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany,
Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China, the United
Kingdom, and the Soviet Union while remaining officially neutral. following
the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th 1941, which he
famously called a date which will live in infamy: "December 7th, 1941. A date which will live in infamy"
Roosevelt obtained a declaration of war on Japan the next day, and a few days
later on Germany and Italy. assisted by his top aide Harry Hopkins, with a very
strong national support, he worked closely with British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill, Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, and Chinese Generalissimo Chiang
Kai-Shek in leading the Allies against the Axis powers. he supervised the
mobilization of the US economy to support the war effort and implemented a
Germany first strategy, making the defeat of Germany a priority over that of Japan.
he also initiated the development of the world's first atomic bomb and worked
with other allied leaders to lay the groundwork for the United Nations and
other post-war institutions. Roosevelt's physical health seriously declined
during the war years, and he died in April 1945, eleven weeks into his fourth
term. the Axis powers surrendered to the Allies in the months following
Roosevelt's death, during the presidency of Roosevelt's successor, Harry s Truman.
all right just a couple terms here! a term in this case, for politics, a term is
the amount of time that you are in office. so in the US, if you are
president you have a four-year term, and then you can– and then you can run for re-election for
another four-year term! not all terms are four years, it depends on the position. if
something is looming, it means that it is menacing. it's kind of hanging over you,
and will probably happen in the future. and to lay the groundwork for something,
means to start to establish it, to create the foundation. all right! to get more
practice, remember you can get free audio books if you want to do that, you can
also get free ebooks and a lot of other cool stuff. if you're on Facebook, those
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should know by now that these videos are made possible thanks to my patrons!
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