Youtube daily Jul 5 2017

Alright in today's video I'm going to show you how to get started with Google

my business posts this will be very quick and you'll be up and running in the next few

minutes this is a new feature from Google and allows you to do a quick

micro post. Almost like a little mini blog post or really if you think about

it is like a facebook status update that kind of thing and it's going to

show up with an image and it's going to show up in your search results for your

company's name things like that as well as in some cases in Google Maps search

so it's a really neat way to get some messaging out there and put a spotlight

on specific things most people are going to use them for you know like events a

special offer if you have a sale maybe even product updates like you have new

merchandise or something new is in the store or just announcements in general and say

you're closed on 4th of July you could make that messaging clear so people are

seeing that before they even visit into your site and lastly you could probably

do content marketing so for instance in a test that I did I went in and

highlighted a recent guide that a client had posted on their blog alright let's

go take a look at this live and I'll show you how simple it is when you're in

Google my business you're going to see the normal things are insights your

traffic and also a hat tip to Woodside health and fitness they are a local

Kansas City health club and they are client of ours it allowed us to login

and them to show you this video so it was very nice of them. You're going to

notice though post if you haven't been in here lately is brand new if you don't

see it just think it's coming it should be by the cognate as opposed to rolled

out just about everybody but it's not there just hang tight it's coming also

on the Left menu Google is drawing attention to this post here as well so

let's click create post and you'll see how simple the user

interfaces is. first of all images are going to be very

important for this post type because there are a huge portion of it almost

like that like I said a Facebook post if your image is kind of boring it's not

going to draw or attract much attention google says that minimum photo size is

720 by 720 so you're thinking square format I would recommend the photo size

larger than that I would double it and go 1440 by 1440 just so you have a

higher resolution image across multiple devices so upload a very engaging image next

would be the post itself so you can do 100 to 300 words I've tested it and it

allows essentially up to 1,500 characters with spaces so it will start

cutting, it'll cut you off at 1500 characters so usually that for me that

was close to 300 words around 260 or so so in that hundred to three hundred word

recommendation that they're doing that they're giving is is is going to work

out the next thing that you're going to look at here they have a special thing

for events and that's a lot because this really does well for events but this

will give you a title so a title tag that you can name your event and you can

do up to 58 characters and with spaces and you also get neat features like you

can pick the start dates and the end times

really really neat for events and I think a lot of people are going to

initially use this for events however let's say I'm not having an event they

have this button option and this button option if you have learned more these

are all different CTS learn more reserved sign up buy and get offer now

to click in on any of these you're going to see that it's just a link so in my

example that I used I just link to a guide that they had put up on exit the

benefits of exercising with friends on their blog you'll see that I'll show you

in just a second a live example so all of these are this way right now you just

put in a link of where one in New Delhi I'm sure they'll expand

this I've seen some people say that there is a call button I haven't seen it

yet so maybe that's not rolled out for everybody up but that will be really

cool like a click to call right away button so really really cool stuff I'm

sure they will you know expand these features as we go so let's take a look

at a live post now if you click in here you can edit your posts you can delete a

post which is really nice and I just publish this so it's not there's no

insights yet but they're actually going to give you some analytics so you'll

have insights for each of these post if you click view it will take you to it

that I'm logged in so I'm going to go in it incognito view so I can show you how

this looks out in the wild here we go on a Google Club woodside and you can see

all the information that's pulling from their Google my business account here's

some of their events and boom here's our post so this is showing not really

really you know predominantly the images engaging is colorful and it's simple to

use if you click to learn more you're going to be taken right to that blog

post that I was mentioning about this guide on exercising the benefits of

exercising with friends I like that Google made this simple they could have

added a lot of bells and whistles to it you know but hey if you want to make a

huge blog post you are going to use WordPress or something like that so this is just an

easy way something to add into your toolbox if you're a local marketer or

local SEO that you can get an instant benefit from. When I hit publish on this

post it was instantly available in the search results so that part is really

really cool and down in the comments let me know how you plan on using this maybe

link me some example show me some events that you've posted or announcements or

content your your pushing I want to see some of

the creative ways people are using this and how they implement it in real life I

look forward to seeing your feedback Thanks

For more infomation >> The Quick Start Guide to Google My Business Posts - Duration: 6:31.

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Fun Baby Play & Learn Kids Game - Daddy Little Helper Clean Toilet Potty Care Cartoon Games - Duration: 12:05.

Fun Baby Play & Learn Kids Game - Daddy Little Helper Clean Toilet Potty Care Cartoon Games

For more infomation >> Fun Baby Play & Learn Kids Game - Daddy Little Helper Clean Toilet Potty Care Cartoon Games - Duration: 12:05.

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Accessorising from Day to Night with NIRAV MODI Jewels | MissMalini - Duration: 3:26.

Twelve o'clock right? I promise I'll be there. You know I'm never late! Okay. I'll see you

You saw that? I'm really living the dream so I can't complain.

I LOVE my life!

But that means I have to be prepared for anything! From a red-carpet event, to a really fancy brunch,

to hanging out with my celebrity BFFs. In fact, tomorrow

I have the most amazing glam brunch to go to, and at night - of course - hitting the red carpet.

So, what do I do? I think I'm going to hit the NIRAV MODI store.

Because, if you want to look like a princess you must start at a palace.

Oh my god, rings! Okay, let me try that one.

But I know the special one is in here!

Look at that.

So beautiful. It's got this little halo of diamonds around it, and it's got this amazing craftsmanship

so you can't even see the metal seat that it's sitting on. It kind of looks like it's just floating

And just look at how it catches the light.

Nowshad, hint hint.

You know that's why engagement rings need to be crafted so well.

Because it's so much more than just a piece of sparkly jewellery.

It really stands for something so it has to do justice to that.

Justice to love.

Okay, but I could be here all day, so I better get going. Nowshad, you can pick this up for me later, okay?

Oh, I've heard so much about these! Can I see that?

So this is the Embrace bangle, and it's so cool because check this out:

It's so playful and fun, and it transitions beautifully from day to night

And it's going to go with everything that I want to wear so I'm taking this baby.

So day-to-night at NIRAV MODI

Nailed it! Time for me to go get ready, see you!

And there you go! Day to night, all thanks to you, NIRAV MODI. See you later!

For more infomation >> Accessorising from Day to Night with NIRAV MODI Jewels | MissMalini - Duration: 3:26.

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Lucy Buffett: The Road To Lulu's | Southern Living - Duration: 2:56.

I got started cooking because

I was a very, very, very young bride

with two children

and I had to feed my family.

And, you know, it was a daunting task

so I was like, what do I do?

I thought that picking up a to-go hamburger

was the idea of good cuisine

even though I grew up in my grandmothers' kitchens.

And what I didn't realize until

I started to cook

having to learn to cook.

I taught myself how to cook out of a Junior League cookbook,

a Mobile, Alabama Junior League cookbook.

And what I realized is that I had picked up a lot more

in my grandmothers' kitchens

and they are my culinary influences.

And once I started cooking,

I realized I loved it and it became a hobby for me.

And so I kept trying harder and harder recipes

and then I became in the family,

everybody has kinda their role of what they are,

and I was the cook.

And then in my group of friends,

I loved entertaining and I loved cooking

and it just evolved as I wanted to learn more.

But I never thought I wanted to be in the restaurant

so I started catering some and cooking on this yacht

in New York and the Caribbean.

I started catering and I cooked for private clients

and I was never going to do a restaurant.

But I moved back to Alabama from Los Angeles

to help take care of my ailing parents

and I needed a job and synchronistically,

someone called and said,

"I've just bought this piece of property

"I'm giving to the estuary and

"it's got a little dive on it.

"Would you like to run this restaurant"?

And I said, no.

And then I thought about it because I was like

what am I going to do here?

I'm back in Fairhope, Alabama which is charming,

gorgeous, wonderful but I needed a job.

And I said, yes, and then the rest is kinda history.

I didn't start my restaurant until I was 46 years old

and it took a lot of perseverance

but I stuck to it.

I'm also very collaborative.

I tend to create

family at work too.

We're all in it together.

I'm tough, I'm tough and I'm not the easiest

and I have very high expectations.

I don't really ask people to do anything

that I wouldn't do or haven't done

and I wish that I was blessed with more patience.

(laughs)

But I am not, and I'm sure those in my family

and my work family wish I had more patience too.

But I'm worth it!

I like to say I'm worth it!

You know, you make a choice.

I'm a cook and I try to connect through food

so that's how I always try to connect with my family

is through food.

Once it became my occupation,

it was a little bit of an adjustment.

But the family now all comes to LuLu's

and so I just like to make sure

I make some personal connections.

For more infomation >> Lucy Buffett: The Road To Lulu's | Southern Living - Duration: 2:56.

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Body of 31-year-old recovered from Au Sable River - Duration: 1:32.

For more infomation >> Body of 31-year-old recovered from Au Sable River - Duration: 1:32.

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US Mayors Step In To Fill The Leadership Void On Climate Change - Duration: 3:28.

Recently, more than 250 mayors from across the United States met in Miami Beach at their

yearly gathering of US mayors.

It's the US Conference of Mayors.

One of the things they discussed was how in the hell we address climate change when we

can't get the federal government to join in and actually do something about the problem.

That's when the mayors at this meeting, according to a report by the Associated Press, came

up with a plan and decided that they, as leaders of their cities, leaders of the areas that

will be most affected by climate change, and the ones that are currently being affected

by climate change ... They are the ones that have to take action and become the national

leaders on this issue.

To be honest, that is the one thing that the environmental movement has always been missing:

a leader.

We have lots of great voices out there, lots of people who take charge, lots of activists,

lots of Hollywood stars out there doing their part, but there hasn't been a leader.

There hasn't been any person to rally behind or any person with a loud enough and passionate

enough voice to really get people energized.

Rather than one national movement, these mayors have decided we'll make 250 movements.

Every one of them wants to go back to their constituents, to their town ... Big, small,

coastal, prairie, whatever ... And become the leader for that community on the issue

of climate change.

One of the possibilities that they discussed was having everyone agree to the fact that

they will begin the switch to renewable energy for their cities.

Not only would that obviously reduce carbon emissions and everybody's carbon footprint,

but it's actually going to save your constituents money by getting off of fossil fuels, moving

to renewables that are a hell of a lot cheaper to produce.

You save people money.

You become the hero.

You become the rallying point.

Honestly, that is what the environmental movement needs.

We don't need one national figure, we need hundreds of them.

We need people that care enough to actually do something about this because the Trump

administration has proven time and time again in the five and a half short months that they've

been in office that they don't care about this issue.

They're not going to address it.

They will do nothing about it, but hopefully, as a result of this recent meeting of these

mayors, we've got 250 more people out there in the United States willing to take on a

leadership position and say, "If the federal government won't do it, then I will do it.

I will protect my city and I will make sure that we are prepared when climate change begins

to really affect us.

We're going to do what we can, and we're going to inspire others to do the same."

That is what true leadership is all about.

For more infomation >> US Mayors Step In To Fill The Leadership Void On Climate Change - Duration: 3:28.

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Treueschwur von Xi Jinping und Putin: Keine äußeren Mächte werden unsere Partnerschaft beeinflussen - Duration: 2:29.

For more infomation >> Treueschwur von Xi Jinping und Putin: Keine äußeren Mächte werden unsere Partnerschaft beeinflussen - Duration: 2:29.

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School visit: Plaistow Public Library - Duration: 0:49.

For more infomation >> School visit: Plaistow Public Library - Duration: 0:49.

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10 EXTINCT ANIMALS who can come BACK to LIFE - Duration: 4:00.

Either naturally or because of humans,

a lot of animal species have disappeared and many others are on the brink of extinction.

Currently scientists have the technology to clone the animals,

So in the future it's possible that some species that have recently disappeared or a few thousand years ago to come back to life!

Tasmanian Tiger is native to Australia and was the largest marsupial carnivore,

They were hunted until extinction in the 1980s, by bounty hunters!

Because they have recently disappeared there are many copies kept in museums or fetuses put in jars.

Turn them into an ideal candidate who could be brought back to life soon!

Dodo Bird

Probably some of the most known species of missing animals because of humans are dodo birds.

Which have been declared missing in less than 80 years since their discovery.

Because Mauritius Island, the place where they was descovered not contains ani natural pradators,

dodo birds evolved without fear of humans, making it easy to hunt!

Nowadays with little luck, scientists could clone the dodo bird if they could find enough DNA samples.

Wooly Rhino

The wooly rhino lived in the Pleistocene period, about 10,000 years ago.

This animal also appears in cave designs, such as those from the Chauvet paste in France.

Over time there have been discovered several woolly rhino fossils that could contain enough DNA samples.

Wooly Mammoth

The wooly mammoth was 3 meters high and reached up to 6 tonnes in weight.

This could be the ideal candidate for the return to life of the missing species 10,000 years ago.

One thing that contributes to the possible return is the fact that many specimens of woolly mammoths have been found, frozen and well preserved in the Arctic tundra!

Mastodon

Mastodont lived in North America and Central America, which disappeared at the end of the Pleistocene period about 10,000 years ago.

Mastodont resembles the woolly mammoth but is clearly distinguished from them.

Over time, many fossils of Mastodont have been discovered, and in the future they may return to life.

Pyrenean Ibex

The Pyrenean Ibex was a common species during Holocene and pleistocene,

until 2000 when the last specimen called Celia was found dead, becoming another species disappeared due to man.

But recently Ibex became the first species brought back to life, well only for 7 minutes, but it is a promising beginning.

Sabertooth

Sabertooth was one of the most ferocious predators in the Pleistocene period, that can come back to life!

Because they have disappeared somewhat recently and there are many fossils that could contain samples of DNA!

Subscribe for more!

For more infomation >> 10 EXTINCT ANIMALS who can come BACK to LIFE - Duration: 4:00.

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MOOC WHAW1.2x | 15.2.6 Al and Lucy Kolkin's Union Membership Books with Julie Golia - Duration: 2:11.

- We know that Al Kolkin was a member of a trade union,

the International Association of Machinists,

because we have here his membership book.

That would have been typical of the shipfitters,

and welders and so on?

- That's right, for most of the period before the war,

mostly men working there, it was marked primarily

by craft or trade unions.

And so organized based on the particular jobs

that were done at the Navy yard, in this case machinists.

- And when Lucy got a job at the shipyard,

she also joined a union, but it wasn't the same union.

- That's right, we're looking here at the

Industrial Union of Maritime and Shipbuilding

Workers of America.

And then it goes on to say affiliated with

the Congress of Industrial Organizations.

So this is not a job-specific, right,

this is not machinists and boilermakers

and all separated out, this is all the shipbuilders

in one larger union.

- Right, which is probably the union

that the women joined, whereas the men joined the union

that was appropriate to their specific skill.

- Women would not have been welcome in Al's union.

- Exactly right.

So the only other thing to notice here is that

these are membership books, and that every time

a union member pays his or her dues, they get a stamp

indicating that they've actually paid their dues.

Quite different from our deduction, payroll deduction.

- And here we even see her initiation fee was two dollars.

- Was two dollars.

I wonder what she paid,

but it probably wasn't much more than that,

on an annual basis.

For more infomation >> MOOC WHAW1.2x | 15.2.6 Al and Lucy Kolkin's Union Membership Books with Julie Golia - Duration: 2:11.

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7 Important Video Marketing Tips To Help Create Better YouTube Videos For You & Your Business - Duration: 4:19.

For more infomation >> 7 Important Video Marketing Tips To Help Create Better YouTube Videos For You & Your Business - Duration: 4:19.

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WHAW1.2x | Introduction to Part 2 of Women Have Always Worked - Duration: 1:52.

- Welcome to the second part of Women Have Always Worked.

In the first part of this course,

we looked at the way women struggled to loosen

the constraints of family by proclaiming

that they, like men, possessed individual rights.

We learned how after many years of struggling,

women won control over their own wages

and finally in 1920, achieved the vote

to become for the first time, at least on paper,

full citizens of the American Republic.

In this second half of the course,

we're going to watch how women

pursued their goals as individuals.

We'll ask what citizenship meant for women

and how it differed from citizenship for men.

We will learn how women began to ask for equality

and what the word equality meant

and still means for different women.

But we'll also ask you to consider

a more difficult set of questions

that revolve around whether equality

for some women might not limit the freedom of others.

Will women demand benefits for themselves

that provide a few with equality with men

while fomenting inequality with each other?

What about sisterhood?

Will some of us move forward while others are left behind?

These are questions that haunt us today.

For more infomation >> WHAW1.2x | Introduction to Part 2 of Women Have Always Worked - Duration: 1:52.

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Cardiologist David Griffin on Treating Weight-Related Disease - Duration: 1:18.

For more infomation >> Cardiologist David Griffin on Treating Weight-Related Disease - Duration: 1:18.

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MOOC WHAW1.2x | 11.1.2 Setting the Stage for Modernity: Marriage and Feminism | Towards Equality - Duration: 2:05.

- Nowadays, we think of marriage

and family as fluid categories.

We celebrate same sex marriage

along with heterosexual marriage.

Mental and physical disabilities

no longer stand in the way of family formation.

Most of us no longer know the meaning

of the word miscegenation, which once barred

loving interracial couples from marriage.

As marriage has changed, so have families.

The nuclear family, as it was once called,

ideally consisted of two parents,

male breadwinner families.

Those families now make up only 7% of all our families.

The elderly now rarely live with adult children.

Solidaristic extended family communities

are increasingly hard to find.

50% of all marriages end in divorce.

Technological discoveries make it possible

for single men and women in same sex couples

to adopt or conceive families

with donated or purchased eggs and sperm.

If biological or blood relationships

no longer define a family, what does?

And how do these changes affect

the relationships of men and women to each other

and to the state institutions that developed

in the early part of the 20th century?

Let's start by exploring the history of marriage.

For more infomation >> MOOC WHAW1.2x | 11.1.2 Setting the Stage for Modernity: Marriage and Feminism | Towards Equality - Duration: 2:05.

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MOOC WHAW1.2x | 11.1.3 History of Marriage with Nancy Cott | Towards Equality - Duration: 11:35.

- We're in the board room of the New York Historical Society

and I'm talking to Nancy Cott.

Nancy is professor of history at Harvard,

and the former director of the Schlesinger Library

on the History of Women.

The place I want to start is marriage.

We've done a lot of talking in these various sections

that we've filmed about the differences between

women in marriage and women outside marriage,

but we haven't actually talked about the importance

of marriage per se or its meaning,

and what I'd like to sort of get a handle on a little bit

is when and how marriage becomes so central to

economic life, to political life, to citizenship,

to identity for women.

Can you give us some generalizations about that?

- Well frankly I think marriage as an institution has been

central in all those respects for men as well as women.

- Yes.

- In fact, for men it was very much associated with

citizenship rights that a male heading a household

was a major mark of his full citizen ship in the nation

in the United States from its very beginning.

And this then casts a kind of compromise

on women's citizenship, although women, white women

have been citizens of the United States since the beginning,

their citizenship was more nominal than full in terms of

ability to participate politically.

Of course, women couldn't vote, they weren't on juries,

they didn't serve in the military.

So their citizenship was a nominal sort that meant

they belonged to the nation, they were Americans

if born here or if married to an American man,

but a male citizenship is really the one that is

participatory and much of that is owing to

headship of a household and his responsibility

for his wife and dependents, children,

others in his household.

As I began to research marriage, I was interested in it

as an institution of and allied to the state

and to governance in every respect and by the same token,

certainly to economic life in that the male head's

responsibility to economically support his wife

and children is part of what marriage means for a man.

And it also means that economically a woman's labor

is bound to him.

When she marries, she doesn't own her own labor anymore.

I think the analogy that's sometimes drawn between

a woman and a slave, a wife and a slave, is not opposite

in that women are free agents, they're not forced to marry,

they can operate on their own.

But it is true that a woman's labor once she marries

is not her own in the same way, as, say,

an indentured servant's labor is not his or her own.

- We've actually talked about that a little bit,

and one of the things that strikes me just listening

to what you have to say is that in some sense,

while marriage gives men a sort of greater degree

of citizenship, it deprives women of just that

amount of citizenship if you like, that is,

what she loses, he gets--

- I think you could see it that way.

It's a very reciprocal bargain the way it was

conceptualized in the older Anglo-American law

and the common law.

It's not as though the wife gets nothing.

She gets support and protection, and that was true,

in good marriages.

Now, in a bad marriage with a man who was faithless

or a betrayer or just a jerk, she could be abused,

she could be exploited and not well supported,

and there's an important element of the way the state,

the formal state dealt with marriages, which was to assume

that everything was fine inside a marriage.

In other words, to trust the man so long as no complaint

was being made by neighbors, by other citizens.

The woman herself inside a marriage had very little resort

to protection outside of what her husband did,

unless she decided to run away, or divorce him.

So that was the remedy: getting away.

- So tell us why, I think I'm remembering this correctly,

but you write somewhere that marriage is fundamental

to the national polity, to the sense of ourselves

as a nation, what does that mean?

- Well I do think that because the United States never had

a common religion, because there was no

established religion.

It is true, of course, that Protestant Christianity

(mumbles) very large in the mindsets of the founders

and many governors after that.

Nonetheless, it was never an established religion,

so the state could not resort to that as a common

bonding element.

But the notion of a nuclear family with a male citizen

at the head of the household, with a supportive wife,

with their progeny, this was a shared ideal,

and it did underpin the early economy of the United States,

the economy into the 20th century.

Certainly it underpinned the way most people lived

and expected to live.

And in that sense, it was a kind of common denominator

that could be resorted to.

Now in early America where there was very little

surveillance of people except by their closest

neighbors and kin where it was quite severe,

but there was no surveillance by the federal government,

very little by the state government,

that there were various stray means of forming households

and families, utopian communities and polygamous households

and so on.

By the post Civil War period when all the means

of governance were beginning to ramp up

and there was much more concern about how to present

a unified nation among other nations,

it was a period of heightened nationalism.

At that point, the outliers in modes of marital being,

were pretty much punished and chased away,

and this was true of immigrants who had alternative forms

of marriage, say Chinese and Japanese who,

insofar as they could come to the U.S. at all

in the late 19th century, their forms of marriage,

if they involve proxies for instance, were not accepted.

Native Americans who often had polygamous households

or modes of self-divorce that were not accepted

within American law, these were attempted to be reformed

by the American Indian Bureau.

And all non-conformist marriages were actively suppressed

by governments by the 1870s and particularly the 1880s

and on from there.

In the Church of the Latter Day Saints, which had practiced

polygamy in the 1830s and 40s were regarded as renegades

by their neighbors, but they were not pursued

by the U.S. government until the 1850s, 60s, and later.

- So when did the federal government,

when did the state governments begin to keep track of

marriages and who was and was not married?

I mean, it would be church records--

- Yes, yes. - Before that.

- It varied state to state, in fact.

Massachusetts was one of the first in keeping records

of everything, but generally between the 1830s and 1850s,

most established states and of course it wasn't

all the states we now have, but most established states

were keeping records of marriage and birth,

and the first time that the record keeping actually affected

the American populous, I would say, was in the 1890s

when there had been a statistician in the U.S. Department

of Statistics from the 1860s on that began collecting

what states handed in of statistics of marriage and divorce.

And there was a compendium published in the 1890s of

marriage and divorce between the 1860s and 1890s,

which showed a great increase in legal divorce.

And that evidence landing on the population

was a big shock and there came to be the first round

of anxiety and alarm about a rising divorce rate,

which has been repeated at various times in U.S. history.

- But this effort then to keep track of marriages, divorces,

let's not talk about births so far.

This effort had larger implications, I assume,

than just wanting to count.

I mean why were states so interested in knowing

who was married and who wasn't.

- Well that is a good question.

I think that the statistics of marriage and divorce

were of use to people probating wills, to try to prove,

was so-and-so married to so-and-so or not,

or was it a common law or just a customary marriage,

who gets the goods when the person dies at the

federal level, once there were Civil War pensions

that go not only to soldiers who are wounded

but to the widows of soldiers, the actual marriage record

is of importance in proving one's deservingness and so on.

So there are many reasons why these could be used

by state authorities and the more that state authorities

are involves in people's ordinary lives,

the more they want to have public record of what was done.

But also, I would say that licenses given out by the state

of a couple's eligibility to marriage,

this came in as a substitution for the kinds of community

control that smaller communities had had,

say in the 17th century.

And a license to marry would show that the two people

who were about to join were not polygamous,

that there wasn't a marriage somewhere else

that they didn't have a dread disease that was actually

declaring someone ineligible to marry,

and certainly by the late 1800s and early 1900s,

states began to place a lot of eligibility requirements

on the marriage license because of eugenic reasoning

about inheritable diseases, because of fears about

feeble mindedness and so on so that there were bars

to marriage placed by states in the late 19th

and early 20th century.

For more infomation >> MOOC WHAW1.2x | 11.1.3 History of Marriage with Nancy Cott | Towards Equality - Duration: 11:35.

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How Obesity Contributes to the Prevalence of Heart Disease - Duration: 1:03.

For more infomation >> How Obesity Contributes to the Prevalence of Heart Disease - Duration: 1:03.

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MOOC WHAW1.2x | 11.1.6 Feminism with Nancy Cott | Towards Equality - Duration: 7:41.

- You've written that the word feminism came into use

in 1912, talk to us about what feminism in 1912 meant

as opposed to feminism after suffrage.

- The word actually was formulated a little before that,

there were some uses of it in the 19th century

but in the U.S., you start seeing it in newspapers

and magazines around 1908, nine, 10, 12, 12 is it

and what women using it meant

was that they were talking about a revolution in women's

and men's lives that would be more than simply the vote,

that the vote stood for basic full participation by women,

that was crucial, that was part of it,

but feminism meant freedom for women to be their subjective

selves, whoever they wanted to be,

that they were not adhering to a certain model of womanhood

that these younger women typically saw as,

this is woman with a capital W, as if there was one model

of womanhood, everyone who was gonna be respectable

should adhere to, they saw that as the previous generation's

modes of behavior, they wanted economic freedom,

they wanted to be able to have jobs of their own choice,

they wanted sexual freedom, really.

I mean, most of these women were not talking about

living with a man outside of marriage, although a few did,

but they were talking about the ability to play the field

sexually before marriage, to have equalitarian marriages

to enunciate the fact that they were sexual beings

and would seek sexual pleasure.

- So are we now talking about middling,

women of the middling sort, middle class white women,

we're not talking about working class immigrant women,

many of whom would have given their right arms

not to have wage work, in other words, who didn't see

wage work as freeing but who saw wage work as confining

and African-American women, I would think, the same.

- Well I think some of the aspects of feminism

when the word began to be used in the teens

were less about economic self-definition

and they were about other sorts of social and sexual

freedoms and there were immigrant working class women

who participated in that set of feelings,

it was a zeitgeist, really, women have wants,

women want to have fun, it was a kind of early version

of that and it was about heterosexuality,

it was about no longer saying, we subject ourselves

to sexual pressure by men because that's the way life is

or marriage has that in it and we want children,

it was that we want to have sexual freedom,

we wanna have more ability to define who we are,

and yes, I think the theorization and the ability

to enact this model, particularly if it involved

seeking higher education, seeking an interesting career,

was limited to a small group of fairly privileged women

and intellectuals, really, as much as anything else,

women who had some access to wide reading, cosmopolitanism.

But I don't think it was absent altogether

from wage-earning women, and certainly not from black women.

I mean, in Harlem, among the more avid readers and writers

in the Harlem Renaissance, certainly this ethic

of subjectivity, self-definition in sexual

and thinking realms prevailed, I would say.

- But there, of course, you're talking about the 1920s.

- But I think it really does begin in the teens.

But for a fraction that is hard to define

because it's not strictly defined by economic level,

although certainly the most degraded,

in terms of poverty, are not gonna have that freedom

but I mean, look at Anzia Yezierska, you know?

- Yes, I was actually just thinking of her.

- There's the freedom of the mind and those women

who got enough education and were desirous of more reading,

they could be exposed to ideas at the time

that could make them think otherwise.

Whether they got to act on those lives

was a question of how many constraints kept them.

- Yes, Anzia Yezierska is a great example

because she's an immigrant, a person who comes as a young

person, as an immigrant from Poland to the U.S.,

her family's the poorest of the poor

but she, what she wants to do, as she keeps writing,

is I want to make myself for a person, is how she puts it.

And by her standards, that's sort of becoming

whatever she wants to be, so in her fiction,

she tells us the story of her three sisters

who get married off by her father, but she's not gonna let

herself do that. - No, it's not as though

there were no women of that sort in the 19th century.

I mean, you look at the heroine's of George Eliot novels.

- Yes, but even in real people like Ernestine Rose.

- Oh sure, sure, or look, I'm thinking of someone more

in the generation we were just discussing,

look at Rose Pastor Stokes, there is a woman

who in the early, very early part of the century,

she decides to be a free woman.

Now, she marries and then gets much more access to wealth.

Or Margaret Higgins Sanger, who is born poor.

So the environment mattered, being in New York mattered

a lot in a diverse environment, I think where people

were located, whether one was in a metropolitan area

or not made a huge difference.

- To how. - Yeah, the ability.

- So switch now then to 1920, let's say,

suffrage has been achieved, how does the notion of feminism

change, how do women now begin to imagine themselves?

- Well I think some part of that group that had been

militant suffragists, becomes much more interested

in questions around birth control and become

birth control activists, some become much more

internationally interested and wanna go out and explore

the world or apply ideas of equal rights for women

to the rest of the world and become international feminists

and link with women in Latin America, let's say,

or farther afield.

But domestically, it's a time of tremendous turmoil

in feminism because a split occurs between those

who support protective labor legislation for women workers

and those who believe in an equal rights amendment

that would wipe out all differences between women and men

in all the books of all the states.

For more infomation >> MOOC WHAW1.2x | 11.1.6 Feminism with Nancy Cott | Towards Equality - Duration: 7:41.

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MOOC WHAW1.2x | 11.2.1 Becoming Citizens: Getting The Vote | Towards Equality - Duration: 4:37.

- In November of 1920, women nationwide voted

for the first time in a presidential election.

At last, women had come to the end

of the struggle for the vote.

It had been 70 years of petitioning,

pleading, arguing, and marching.

During all those years, only a few western states,

notably Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah,

slowly gave women the right to vote,

and several more fell into line after 1910.

In 1868 and 1870, you might remember

that women had been told to wait their turn.

It was, said advocates of the 14th and 15th amendments,

the Negroes hour and not time for women to vote.

Half a century later, congress passed

and two thirds of the states ratified

the 19th amendment to the constitution.

That amendment was simple.

It said, "The right of citizens in the United States

to vote shall not be denied or abridged

by the United States or by any state on account of sex."

Was this to be a new beginning?

Now that women had formal political equality,

would they soon have an equivalent freedom?

Would they be able to use the vote to amass power

and influence to have a voice in political affairs?

It turned out to be more complicated than that.

If achieving the right to vote gave women

some of the citizenship rights they had not earlier enjoyed,

it launched a second struggle for equality.

This time, the struggle would continue into the 1970s

and some might argue still continues down to our own moment.

The problem lay with how women

had argued for the right to vote.

Some, like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and then Alice Paul,

the most radical, had argued that women were humans

and like men, should have the vote

as part of their common humanity.

These women would settle for nothing less

than absolute equality.

Anti-suffragists you will remember opposed this argument

on the grounds that giving women the vote

threatened the family by undermining the authority

of the husband and father who represented it

and whose voice should unite it.

They feared that sharing the vote would demasculinize men

and challenge male authority.

Many women shared that fear.

In response, a third group argued

that the vote would affirm women's difference.

It would bring the values of the home,

caring, nurturing, anti-corruption,

and greater morality into the political sphere.

The Daughters of the American Revolution, for example,

perhaps one of the oldest organizations of American women,

believed that women would use the vote

to affirm women's roles at home.

Their members and those organized

by the National American Women's Suffrage Association

argued that women would introduce

a new level of morality into the polity.

Careful not to offend the racial

segregationists of the south,

they focused on the potential promise of white women.

In the end, this was the argument that won.

Women got the vote not because they deserved it

as human beings because they were the same as men,

but out of what historian Aileen Kraditor called expediency.

They won the vote because they were different from men.

They promised to bring the nurturing and caring values

of the home into politics and make politics less corrupt.

For more infomation >> MOOC WHAW1.2x | 11.2.1 Becoming Citizens: Getting The Vote | Towards Equality - Duration: 4:37.

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MOOC WHAW1.2x | 11.1.5 Challenges to Marriage in the 1920s with Nancy Cott | Towards Equality - Duration: 3:21.

- Given the fact that marriage was so important

in terms of distribution of benefits,

and we're not even into the 1930s yet,

bring us up to the 1920s, when some women, at least,

begin to flout marriage

and decide that they're not interested in marriage.

Even if they're interested in living with men,

they're still not interested in marriage.

- Yeah, well there are always some small group of women

who refuse to marry in the nineteenth century,

because it compromises their individuality,

their independence, both economic,

and simply in terms of their subjectivity

and where they give their attention.

But, it does become much more trendy, let's say,

in the twentieth century.

However, marriage itself,

becomes, has more capability

of being an equalitarian institution

by the twentieth century.

Because one thing that

a variety of factors conspire to enable,

by 1900 or so,

in almost every state,

is that married women no longer are bound property-wise

to their husbands.

That is they can have their own independent property.

In most states they can also earn their own wages

and keep them themselves.

And in the longer past, that had not been true.

So the notion that there could be a marriage

in which both parties

earn money, had careers,

the two-career marriage as an ideal,

is born and very actively pursued in the 1920s.

So I would say, a more important phenomenon in the twenties

is this notion of the two-career marriage.

That would really renovate the ideal of marriage,

and along with the vote,

should mean that there are two full citizens

in the marriage.

However,

once the Depression hit,

this ideal became almost impossible to enact

because there were so many discriminatory laws

preventing married women from getting or keeping their jobs.

And so it was a kind of advocacy that later, of course,

came back in the seventies,

along with a much more powerful critique

of marriage as an institution.

Because there were many people

who criticized marriage in the twenties,

but I don't think of it as a period

of strong

marriage critique

compared to some other periods of time,

including the 1890s

and the 1970s. And the 1970s

Because what rose instead,

is a kind of utopian notion of marriage

that would enable two full individual citizens

to marry and have children,

and have this bond that they

voluntarily choose to have between them,

and be full individuals.

But it was premature, one might say.

For more infomation >> MOOC WHAW1.2x | 11.1.5 Challenges to Marriage in the 1920s with Nancy Cott | Towards Equality - Duration: 3:21.

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MOOC WHAW1.2x | 11.1.4 Marriage for African Americans with Nancy Cott | Towards Equality - Duration: 3:35.

- I'm thinking now of the Freedmen's Bureau

and the injunction that African Americans,

or freed peoples, be required to marry

if they wanted, whatever,

the benefits of householdership, or--

- Definitely, that marriage was seen by those in power

as a way to control men, really.

That once a man was married, he was legally obligated

to support his wife and children.

That was not true of someone

just living with a partner willingly.

So, it had a benefit for the state and that

that person could be,

their wages could be taken,

or they could be thrown in with the poorhouse, et cetera.

- Or be responsible for each others debts, or--

- Exactly, exactly.

- But here's a question.

So among, we know that among white men,

the requirement that men provide

for their wives and children had consequences

for women in the workforce.

Discouraging employers from hiring married women,

sometimes legally, sometimes by custom.

But what about for black women?

Did marriage have the same implication for them?

Did it carry the same kinds of protections

that it carried for white women?

- Legally, yes.

It absolutely did.

That African American women who were legally married,

their husbands could be chased down by the law

if they failed to support.

And in fact, during reconstruction,

after the Freedmen's Bureau put in a great push

for African American men to marry their wives,

and to decide between two women

if they'd been married to two different women at some time

because of sale and separation of families.

Yes, actually the State Authorities,

particularly in the states that had had slavery,

used the marriage laws to persecute and prosecute

African American men if they did not support their families.

So these marriage laws could,

they were regulatory laws, there's no question about it,

and they were used in punitive ways

differentially, racially, I would say.

And, as your student, Annette Egra, showed,

during the depression, many men, black and white,

were thrown into prison to do prison labor

when they were deserting their families

because they could not support them.

- Right.

- So these state laws were quite punitive to men

at the same time that, certainly, as you say,

the women who tried to wage-earning jobs

were discriminated against because married men

were seen to be the privileged wage earners

who absolutely needed to have a wage.

So that these could be made to harm both men and women.

Although they, like the tax law is today,

they benefited those who conformed to the expected ideal

that the laws were written to benefit.

If they, in some way, did not conform,

no matter in which direction,

they tended to get the short end of the stick,

or the sharp end of the law.