Thứ Bảy, 6 tháng 10, 2018

Youtube daily Oct 7 2018

it's another MedCram lecture we're going to talk about the effect of

different things on the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve okay so

we've got a red blood cell from end on kind of also looks like that with a

little bit of a bulge in the middle and that's because it's lost its nucleus

what this is you have to remember is simply a bag of hemoglobin it's got no

nucleus it's got no mitochondria so the only form of energy that it can do is

glycolysis or a glycolysis and remember that's where we get glucose and it goes

to basically goes to pyruvate and that gives off forms of ATP this is not

oxidative phosphorylation this is substrate level phosphorylation but it

gives the cell the ATP that it needs and that's important because there's an

intermediate in this glycolysis that's actually going to do something story

hemoglobin binding curve which we're going to talk about next but before we

get to that I wanted to explain to you what the hemoglobin molecule looks like

if you can kind of imagine it's four different subunits that are connected to

each other okay and usually there's two alphas and two betas but that's not

important right now so there's for binding spots for oxygen

to bind to so if it binds to the first spot what happens is it causes a

conformational shift with the next one that causes oxygen to bind more affinity

flea and that causes a conformational shift with the next one which causes the

oxygen to bind even more affinity and finally that causes a conformational

shift that causes the last one to bind with even more affinity and so what

happens is you get something called cooperativity the other turn that they

like to use in biochemistry is called allosteric interaction in this case it's

not allosteric inhibition because it's actually making these globin molecules

more apt to bind the oxygen molecule the

other thing that you might want to be aware of is sometimes they have

different terms for these hemoglobin sub units if they are not bound to oxygen

they're known as the tense form or T and if they get bound to oxygen then they're

known as R or the relaxed form the other thing that happens that you may want to

know is that when an oxygen binds to this hemoglobin molecule a little carbon

dioxide molecule comes off a little co2 and you should probably know that that's

known as the Haldane effect just some trivia there so that when oxygen binds

to hemoglobin it releases co2 and if you see the co2 go up a little bit that's

known as the holiday in effect but let's talk about the hemoglobin binding curve

so the way that this is represented we've kind of talked about this before

in the other lecture on delivery of oxygen is there's a relationship between

the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood and the saturation of the

hemoglobin molecule so this is saturation here and this is PA o2 and we

can take that all the way up to a hundred so this is a hundred this would

be 50 this would be 25 75 this is the po2 what we're talking about here and up

to about 80 we're starting to see here that there's a kind of a curviness to

this hemoglobin binding curve and so the key points here that I want to show you

is that there's this sort of a plateau area here where increasing levels of po2

will not yield much more in terms of the saturation so there's kind of a

diminishing marginal utility in sociated with that the other thing I want you to

sort of notice is that if we were to shift this human blown hemoglobin

binding curve to the right in other words if it were to go from this point

to this point notice that in fact what you're seeing here is you're seeing the

hemoglobin molecule as a whole being more apt to release oxygen it's more apt

to release oxygen and why is that because adding any given po2 let's say

50 in this case you'll see that in the blue hemoglobin binding

curve has a lower saturation than the yellow hemoglobin binding curve and so

therefore the blue hemoglobin binding curve is more apt to be less saturated

at a given po2 than the yellow hemoglobin binding curve and that's

important because what's actually happening as this thing is shifting back

and forth as it goes through the bloodstream depending on where it is so

this is kind of something that you should know so here's a question what

are some things that are going to shift the hemoglobin binding curve to the

right and remember these are things that make it less affinity so the things that

make the hemoglobin binding curve less affinity to oxygen are all of the things

that you would expect to find in the blood where oxygen needs to be given off

by the hemoglobin molecule and that would be in the muscles or placenta and

what are they what do you find in the muscles are you gonna see a high or a

low pH you're gonna see a low pH because this is where lactic acid is being

produced this is where carbon dioxide is being given off and we know that carbon

dioxide is a Lewis acid number two we would see a high temperature okay your

muscles are hot right when they're working so that would shift it to the

right we already said that a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide is

going to shift the hemoglobin binding curve to the right

another thing that shifts it to the right is a molecule called D P G dye

phosphoglycerate otherwise known as 2 3 B PG or bisphosphoglycerate this as you

may recall is an intermediate of glycolysis and this is where

3-phosphoglycerate goes to 2 phosphoglycerate and that's an important

step in glycolysis because as that happens and as you have this buildup of

2 3 B P G which is by the way seen elevated in pregnancy which makes sense

because in pregnancy you're going to want your hemoglobin molecule to be able

to get more oxygen to the fetus you're going to

do that you're gonna see this increased in pregnancy and you're going to see

your hemoglobin molecule giving up more oxygen to the fetus and you're gonna see

this helical molecule shift to the right okay now what are some things that you

would see cause it to shift to the left these are things that you would see in

the lungs so for instance in the lungs you're breathing off carbon dioxide

you're gonna have a low acidity so you're gonna have a high pH of course in

the lungs you're breathing in air which is cooler than body temperature so

generally speaking you're gonna have a low temperature number three as we

already mentioned we're gonna have a low partial pressure of carbon dioxide and

of course four we're not gonna see maybe possibly as much DPG and so you're gonna

see a shift to the left the other thing that'll shift it to the

left is fetal hemoglobin so H not a but actually F which is way out here okay

and that's fetal hemoglobin sucks up that oxygen like no other human loeben

as it comes by the placenta so that is the hemoglobin molecule and the

disassociation curve thanks for joining us

you

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7 Balanced Meals For Losing Weight and Fat

Following a varied and balanced diet, along with physical activity, can help you lose weight easier and more safely than using restrictive alternatives.

To lose weight, it is important to do physical activity.

However, it will be harder to get goods results if you are not on a healthy, balanced diet.So, these balanced meals will help you lose weight and reduce your fat consumption.

This doesn't mean you have to always eat the same thing, but you can have a variety of meals that will help you maintain a low fat diet. By doing this and combing these meals with regular physical activity, you can get significant results, such as losing 5 to 15 kg after a few weeks.

Breakfasts When it comes to breakfast, it will be important to continue having regular meals, based on having around one cup of skim milk or natural yogurt.

You can also drink natural juice or eat a piece of fruit.

Likewise, you can complement your breakfast with some whole wheat toast along with a tablespoon of olive oil or a little bit of turkey or ham.

You should avoid eating cookies, pastries or products with butter or marmalade due to being high in sugar and saturated fats.

Snacks At mid-morning and noon, it is a good idea to eat a light snack that will slightly elevate your blood sugar levels and reduce your appetite.

That way you will be better at controlling what you eat during lunch and dinner.  Therefore, your snacks should be based on a large piece of fruit, or two smaller ones, or even a skim yogurt.

You could also east whole wheat toast with Burgos cheese, turkey, a coffee or an infusion.

Lunches During lunch and even dinner, you have to be more creative and vary your dishes more often.

Continue reading to learn about several balanced meals that will help you lose weight.

Likewise, you can use them throughout the week.

Day 1: salad with lettuce, carrots, tomatoes and asparagus.

Chicken breast with white rice.

Whole wheat bread with a piece of fruit or an infusion.

Day 2: Mozzarella, tomato and oregano salad.

Baked flounder with spices or vegetable stew.

Wheat bread and a fruit salad.

Day 3: Boiled green beans.

Baked bass with a roasted red pepper salad.

Wheat bread and a piece of fruit.

Day 4: Cooked broccoli.

Baked rabbit with prunes and mushrooms.

Wheat bread and non-fat yogurt.

Day 5: Turkey breast with apple and raisins.

Baked or boiled artichoke with garlic.

Whole wheat bread with a piece of fruit.

Day 6: Green asparagus salad.

Green peppers filled with white rice and turkey.

Whole wheat bread and a piece of fruit or an infusion.

Day 7: Room temperature mushroom salad.

Garlic rabbit with white wine sauce.

Whole wheat bread and non-fat yogurt.

Dinners Just like with our lunches, you can make delicious, low-fat dishes for dinner that will help us lose weight.

So, you can take a look at some examples of meals that you can make throughout the week: Day 1: Celery and carrot soup.

Grilled chicken.

Fat-free yogurt or a piece of fruit.

Day 2: Omelet. Vegetable stew.

Fat-free yogurt or a piece of fruit.

Day 3: Cream of squash.

Mushrooms seasoned with spices.

Fruit salad or an infusion.

Day 4: A cup of gazpacho or served in a bowl with a cooked egg.

Vegetable mix.

Fat-free yogurt or a piece of fruit.

Day 5: Omelet with squash.

Baked cod with oregano.

Fruit salad or an infusion.

Day 6: Garlic soup with walnuts.

Beans with cooked potatoes.

Fat free yogurt or a piece of fruit.

Day 7: Spinach with sliced ham, raisins and pine nuts.

Poached eggs.

Fat free yogurt or a piece of fruit.

As you can see with all of the meals, the dishes can be very different,but all of them are based on lowering the amount of fats and sugars.  You should avoid eating red meat and eat for chicken, turkey, rabbit or white fish instead.

Eliminating refined sugars, such as white bread or white flour is also an important aspect.

In conclusion, the key to these balanced meals for weight loss is to focus on seasonal fruits, vegetables and fat-free dairy products.

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