- Cause even if there is a separation between
lies and secrets, most lies are told
in order to keep secrets.
The history of lying.
Hello class.
This week, we'll be talking about secrets,
lies and deception.
Now we've discussed lies of omission
where the liar omits details
that would put them in a bad position.
Look, a little rhyme for you, enjoy.
Yes, if you are willfully keeping necessary information
from someone, especially information harming someone,
it is not an ethical act, but
some philosophers have driven a categorical wedge
between lying and concealing the truth
to propose that deception is different from a lie.
To be deceptive is to conceal the truth.
To lie is to mislead another
regarding the nature of the truth.
Secret keeping and lying, though inter-related
are not the same, right?
It's hard to tell a lie without knowing the truth first
cause even if there is a separation
between lies and secrets,
most lies are told in order to keep secrets.
So as Moynihan likes to say, knowing someone's secret
that's a sacred bond.
All right, this time around,
we'll be delving into sub-genres of lies.
We'll also be focusing on people
who take pieces of the truth and hide others.
Sometimes you just have people who fail to answer
or use denial to dodge a question.
Denial is when one avoids giving
a direct answer in a direct lie.
A lot of people know better than to outright
deny what happens, so instead, they knead the truth.
They'll drop implicit denials into the conversation.
Sir, did you call me a pompous idiot behind my back?
I'm an honest individual,
why would I ever say something like that behind your back?
Now, I never said no outright.
Did you notice that?
But, I buried my denial in a rhetorical question
and an influencing statement about myself.
Everything in that sentence seems true,
but what isn't true isn't directly stated.
If you weren't listening for a lie,
you might just hear someone express their hurt feelings.
Another common form of deception is exaggeration,
known colloquially as stretching the truth.
When you use exaggeration,
you take some elements of the truth
and grab them and distort them.
Have you completed your final essay?
I know I should have, abut I was incredibly sick.
I had a migraine, I was nauseous,
I couldn't sleep, I slept too much,
et cetera, et cetera, et cetera.
You probably were sick with anxiety,
but you weren't dying.
You definitely could and should have
completed the assignment.
Then there's fabrication, also known as B.S..
Fabrications are adjacent to the truth.
They may have bits of truth woven into them,
but for the most part, they're just used to
get reactions from their listeners
rather than to deceive them.
Fabricators simply show a blatant disregard
for telling the truth.
Story time.
In the medieval era, and throughout the Renaissance,
priests, particularly the Jesuits,
developed mental reservation.
Mental reservation was a lie of omission
that absolves priests of sin.
It was a theological argument
so that one could tell a smudge of the truth as one could,
without violating the sacred seal of confession.
Mental reservation used equivocation,
the act of referring to very different things
the same way to mislead someone.
So here's a great example.
There was an early Christian bishop
being pursued by Roman soldiers up the Nile.
So the bishop was going this way.
The bishop sees a bend in the river
so he has his boat turned around.
On the way back, they run into the Roman soldiers,
still in pursuit of the bishop.
As they passed each other,
the Roman soldiers, their pursuers,
asked the bishop's soldiers if they had seen the bishop.
Per instructions, the bishop's servants said,
yes, he is not far off.
Excellent.
The Romans continued their search this way
as the bishop went this way.
So here's what happened,
the bishop had instructed his servants to tell 'em
that yes, they had seen the bishop, he's not far off.
So instead of telling them to lie and say,
no, they had not seen the bishop,
they did not lie to the Roman soldiers,
they just omitted the fact
that the bishop was standing right next to them.
Not untrue.
Oh, also there are jocose lies.
Jocose lies are when people restructure the truth
for the sake of humor, irony, sarcasm and teasing.
You know, they all fall under jocose.
They're also mental disorders
that make it difficult to distinguish
between a truth and a lie.
This kind of lie that isn't a lie is called a confabulation.
Confabulation happens when someone states something
untrue without knowing that it isn't true.
It's often displayed by people with dementia
who's sense of memory, time and reality has
been impaired.
Sometimes even our own minds lie to us
even without serious psychiatric disorders,
there are many studies of the malleability of the memory.
It's gotten to the point where
even the reliability of eyewitnesses has
come under a lot of scrutiny.
Now, lies and deception go hand in hand,
traipsing through history together.
Most of the great scandals of history come from
great secrets kept and the lies used to keep them.
Now before we get all conspiracy theory,
uh, I'm not saying the moon landing was a hoax
or that area 51 houses aliens or that there's
evidence of Big Foot.
There are plenty of huge lies that governments have used
to hide their dirt.
In 1953, Frank Olsen plunged to his death
from a hotel window in Manhattan.
In 1975, a CIA report on project MK- Ultra
A.K.A. their mind control project,
revealed that Frank Olsen's death had not been a suicide.
The family dug deeper and deeper and finally discovered
that a week before Frank's death,
he'd gone on a retreat with CIA agents.
One evening, they spiked his drink with LSD.
The CIA agreed to pay Frank's family
$750,000 to make up for Frank's misadventure.
But a second autopsy in the 90's revealed
that Frank was probably thrown out the window.
That's the lies.
Lies of commission, lies of omission.
I think we were definitely to blame for Frank's death
but not that much.
You know that's why cuffs has to be used
by people in all positions of power.
It would set all these conflicts to rest.
All right, class.
Now that you've gotten a good rundown on the kinds of lies,
you and others tell, it's time to scrutinize yourself.
Lie journals.
Say which liar's club student you think is
covering up a secret that would prove their innocence.
Say what you think the secret is
and why they're covering it up.
Be honest about your lies.
I might even get you something nice.
I'm keeping an eye on you.
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