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Loothoots Google Play Free Codes $50 And How to get free google play gift card codes *New 2018* Get real Google play gift card codes here : http://Loothoots.Urbancode.US

Loothoots Google Play Free Codes $50 And How to get free google play gift card codes *New 2018* Get real Google play gift card codes here : http://Loothoots.Urbancode.US

Loothoots Google Play Free Codes $50 And How to get free google play gift card codes *New 2018* Get real Google play gift card codes here : http://Loothoots.Urbancode.US

For more infomation >> Loothoots Google Play Free Codes $50 And How to get free google play gift card codes *New 2018* - Duration: 4:09.

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For more infomation >> How to fix Google chrome can't play YouTube videos | Fix YouTube videos not playing - Duration: 2:02.

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Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Explained Clearly Remastered - DKA Pathophysiology - Duration: 11:55.

okay well welcome to another MedCram

lecture we're going to talk about

diabetic ketoacidosis

DKA now DKA is a pretty significant

illness that accounts for about a

hundred and thirty-five thousand

hospital admissions every year in the

United States and it has an estimated

cost of about 2.4 billion u.s. dollars

every year so pretty sizable chunk of

cash is used to treat these patients so

it behooves us to understand a little

bit more about what is DKA how does

present and how to treat it the first I

want to do is take you to the cellular

level so over here I will show you our

cell wall and on it it's got a insulin

receptor also inside the cell you'll

recall that we have mitochondria and

you'll recall that there is a inner

membrane space along with the matrix the

matrix is that inner part now remember

where things are you've got glucose

outside the cell that wants to move

inside and you've got fatty acids as

well I'll draw a fatty acid here you'll

recall this is where Krebs cycle occurs

I'll abbreviate that as KC and this is

where you have beta oxidation remember

these a fatty acids move inside the cell

you'll also recall that glucose once it

gets inside the cell is going to undergo

glycolysis and that it will also go

inside the cell in the form of pyruvate

which will eventually get broken down to

the same product and enter Krebs cycle

as acetyl co a so we'll just do it acid

Co Co a massive teal a ok so in the

normal situation you've got insulin

insulin binds to its receptor and

insulin also

prevents for the most part fatty acids

from moving on into the cell for a

process of beta oxidation so in the

normal situation what you have is you've

got insulin hitting receptor causing

glucose to go into the cell glycolysis

is occurring which the end result is

pyruvate pyruvate then moves into the

mitochondria Krebs cycle occurs and you

get boom ATP great in the situation with

diabetes mellitus type 1 where you have

no insulin being secreted or in the case

of diabetes type 2 where you have a very

strenuous state high glucagon levels

high epinephrine low insulin levels what

you have then is in either of these

cases no insulin secretion or insulin

resistance in which case and here's the

key point here glucose can no longer

come into the cell there is no

glycolysis

there is no pyruvate this mode of energy

source is cut off similarly insulin is

no longer available to prevent beta

oxidation and so what you get at that

point is you get quite a lot of Paul

Mathilde Co a tomatillo Co a through the

enzyme palmitoyl Co a transfer ace now

no longer being inhibited or being

disinhibited and allowing quite a lot of

these Paul Mathilde Koei's to go inside

the cell and of course what happens

there is that they are chopped up into

two carbon units so that's called beta

oxidation so chop chop chop chop chop

chop and so you're getting quite a bit

of two carbon units in here and these

high two carbon units can be used as you

know a steel Kawai in Krebs cycle to

make energy it's not the best way of

making energy but they can make energy

and those ketone bodies are acetone

which looks like this as you might

recall

acetoacetate which looks like this and

something called beta-hydroxybutyrate

which looks like this as you can see it

these are a result of these two carbon

units coming together and the breaking

up of ketone bodies and so all of these

actually are ketone bodies acetone is

very volatile and so it can turn into a

gas and this is what you smell on the

breath of somebody who is in

ketoacidosis you get this acetone smell

but particularly the thing I want you to

pay attention to here is this carboxylic

acid chain and this is the whole

carboxylic acid group right here but

particularly this OAH group because this

proton comes off very nicely and when it

does what you have left behind is the

conjugate base which is negatively

charged which is what's going to account

for your anion gap and if you want more

information on the anion gap please see

our lectures on ABG interpretations and

Medical acid-base so I think I want to

review that and tell you exactly what

I'm thinking there number one in DKA we

have a lack of insulin and as a result

of that we see blood sugars go up yes

but I think the biggest thing that you

ought to pick up from that is number two

is that there is no in abyssion of fatty

acid transport into matrix of Myto

Condrey a-- that's important because

this means that fatty acids are pouring

into the matrix of the mitochondria as

we showed you on the last slide that

means beta oxidation is occurring which

as you as you recall beta oxidation is

simply when you have these long chain

fatty acids getting chopped up into two

carbon units these

two carbon yards are then being fed into

the krebs cycle but because there's so

many of them they start combining and

forming these ketone bodies and these

ketone bodies are acidic so where's the

acid coming from the acid is coming from

the ketone bodies which are coming from

the acid coa which are coming from the

fatty acids which are coming from the

outside which are being transported

because there is no insulin that's very

important

okay so let's review that number one

what we're going to see here is low

insulin and as a result of that this is

what we're going to see low insulin

leads to ketone bodies which is going to

lead to acidosis specifically and an ion

gap acidosis which is going to lead to

increased potassium now why does that

potassium go up in this case it goes up

in this case because there is a proton

potassium exchange mechanism between the

cells and so as protons are being

increased in the serum and they go into

the cells

potassium have to leave the cells and go

into the serum to replace them so you'll

see an increased potassium level at

least initially now decreased insulin

also leads to high glucose high glucose

is going to lead to dehydration and why

is it going to do that well because the

glucose levels become so high that they

exceed the reabsorption threshold in the

kidneys and so what you get then is a

osmotic diuresis that simply means that

there's too many particles in the urine

because of the excess glucose that the

kidney can't reabsorb at all and that

excess osmotic pressure causes fluid to

go with it and that causes dehydration

that dehydration is going to do a couple

of things

it's going to make all your potassium

shift out of your cells and get dumped

and so this kind of then leads back into

this but then as well you get a total

body potassium depletion even though

your potassium level and your serum is

high you're being depleted of your total

body potassium so what have we seen here

we've seen ketone bodies we've seen

hyperglycemia we've seen acidosis we've

seen dehydration we've seen osmotic d hi

guya rhesus and we've seen total body

potassium depletion and along that you

can also put total body phosphate

depletion as well

now the dehydration can lead to

increased creatinine because of renal

failure and so this is what you

typically see in a patient who comes in

with DKA they are at risk because they

have low insulin you can test their

blood by checking for ketone bodies and

because of this you'll see an anion gap

metabolic acidosis again look at our

lecture on acid-base but what ketone

bodies show us is the anion gap

metabolic acidosis what that means is

the anion gap which is if you look at

the chem 7 sodium subtracted the

chloride and the bicarb won't be greater

than 12 and that's usually the first

sign you'll have so you'll have an anion

gap metabolic acidosis and that anti get

metabolic acidosis is kind of a

surrogate for how big the ketone bodies

are but you can actually measure ketone

bodies some hospitals measure serum

ketones okay and some also measure

something called beta hydroxy butyrate

you look at the acidosis as mentioned

sometimes you'll see a high potassium

usually you'll see a high potassium but

again the total body potassium is

depleted because a lot of those

a lot of the bodies potassium has been

depleted outside of the cells and into

the serum you see these patients very

dehydrated with maybe sometimes

hypotension and tachycardia because the

osmotic diuresis you'll see an increased

creatinine because of dehydration and of

course you'll see a high glucose which

is one of the things that we all look

for but may not be there you'll also see

sometimes a low phosphorous sometimes a

normal phosphorous so this is the

hallmarks of somebody presenting with

DKA let's talk about how we treat that

coming up here next

For more infomation >> Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Explained Clearly Remastered - DKA Pathophysiology - Duration: 11:55.

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Married at First Sight: Bobby's Great Memory (Season 7, Episode 10) | Lifetime - Duration: 2:01.

For more infomation >> Married at First Sight: Bobby's Great Memory (Season 7, Episode 10) | Lifetime - Duration: 2:01.

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Harris Lobs Her Most CRAZED Accusation Yet – Claims Kavanaugh is Conspiring Against Mueller - Duration: 2:17.

For more infomation >> Harris Lobs Her Most CRAZED Accusation Yet – Claims Kavanaugh is Conspiring Against Mueller - Duration: 2:17.

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Clash Of The Titans! Jurassic World The Game EP232 INDORAPTOR 2,900 SDNA Indominus Rex Vs T-Rex - Duration: 28:11.

okay guys here goes Clash of the Titans

I have to win 28 different card packs to

Clash Of The Titans! Jurassic World The Game EP232 INDORAPTOR 2,900 SDNA Indominus Rex Vs T-Rex

then ah the reward is going to be true

down back here you can see troodon odds

hundred percent so you get a Troodon for

sure you got to win five different

battles and it's gonna be uphill all the

way

okay first of all we got an aquatic so I

would go with the pterosaur we've got oh

a level six thirty six deke malach cool

so herbivore I would go with carnivore

we have what is that Terrell da Stroh so

I will need Oh

okay so I have my you nanny ring cos

herbivore I got this I recently just got

that guy up to level 30 I've got four

more hatching so I will have him at

level 40 okay I like

that's it cool he could attack me switch

so that will leave him defenseless yes I

do attack of three and down he goes that

poor piggies

okay Terra's off for back for he took me

down but he is twice I guess so attack

six in down he goes I did need some

stronger before so right now I am

working on creating some new herbivores

here you can see I have four of those

guys in the tank I'm just waiting for

them to hatch so I could create level 41

which will be awesome

okay so let's jump right into battle

number two so all of these are gonna be

uphill battles all the way and go miss

Dantas yes I will bring my Pterodactylus

back and I think I go prestigious goods

at that carnival

but one in reserve

I'm gonna bring in lady here okay

down he goes

going pretty smoothly now it's mine

okay so we'll jump right into battle

number three okay so for this guy I will

need a strong herbivore I should have my

steak is Saratov okay

and then I'm gonna need two aquatics so

I will go ahead spend and we're ready to

roll really

nice quick and easy battle pretty much

over he's got one left and my next guy

is gonna tear

one and down he goes

30,000 okay so battle three is in the

bag

two more battles to go and I will have

the Troodon pack okay so don't want to

spend some money yeah I'm gonna spend

money what else I mean I've got it I

should spend it to press this is this

Pterodactylus and I will go in dumbest

dummies probably hope you bought that

took me down but he is down he is still

my strongest Dino and coolest I love the

indominus rex okay so we have one more

battle so I will definitely spend some

money so we could see this we gonne pack

okay so contaminator I will need a

strong athletic and for this guy I'm

gonna need a strong herbivore or I could

match him let's see hmm no I think I'm

gonna match him with the pack he gets us

okay Reserve

they are swapping the guy could attack

me oh okay down he goes

cool and then my last carnivore will be

a good dash eight before I was thinking

he would do that

Taurus is awesome

for how strong he is but his attack

stick so I got the Troodon pack awesome

let s see what we and the Troodon is

available to purchase cool I needed

their Troodon really bad ok one other

thing guys check out all these dinos I

have to hatch 9 majungasaurus a long

cloth well these are all like common

then I got 5 argenta sores to going long

to Pelican I missed 3 tropic natus 8

Diplodocus 3 Hadza gap Taurus 11 arc

ethereum 13 Allosaurus to gigantasaurus

7 irritate ER 13 nos at their tops 5 de

Sanga rip therus Gallimimus 9

Pachycephalosaurus

7 cool asuka's 6 corythosaurus 4 pi

raptors 10 tap Azera Dilophosaurus 1

noon dag asuka's 13 6 Tyranitar 5

Carnotaurus 9 Diplodocus 3 sir casted on

4m fire Vicky on a tramp pairing cos for

a pi ik on dipper toad on Megalosaurus

for Andrew Sarkis 7 glyptodont 5 Monell

ophisaurus 6

you terraeum ten Megastore terraeum octa

doukas - you floss Ellis eight what is

this

Zynga rip Duras eight parasol office

five in clear Soros six Roger sword to

Quetzalcoatlus to supersaurus to metric

six metro incus seven velociraptor for

spinosaurus five Stegosaurus five arrow

tighten eight captive screws a post

asuka's Kell lenka what Kalinka n-- to

daca soros dodyk cure Russ well I'm not

gonna pronounce that

uncle rip dress your your motheriand

for siroccos tulip - Cletus produce take

- Cynthia talker Asst Prague naphtha Don

- elasmosaurus helicopter on -

Mosasaurus three you Nana Soros - gee

asuras - septa derma isarc asuka's to

exist agus 7 prion asuka's 5 Thor is no

Soros 3 dimorphodon 5 epic net as for

t-rex a man I dip light ater 3

Dunkleosteus - kronosaurus a Dyna

thorium Liopleurodon - plio saurus -

megalodons two sticks asuras Mosasaurus

Apache brontosaurus is segno Soros

banana igneous and heinous Soros these

are all the ones I got

III can't I've been going 24 hours a day

hatching them I I could never

so it's like guess I'm gonna be trading

a lot these dinos in the custom trades I

don't know if you've seen these before

every five hours you could click down

here it says five hours for fifty

dollars you could get more options up to

I believe three times and then once a

day you could do custom trading here

where you could trade three things you

own dinosaurs buildings decorations

whatever okay guys I am back again so

today I will continue my quest for s DNA

by fighting some awesome battles let me

see

for s DNA I've got two thousand nine

hundred sixty right now so I'm about

three quarters of the way there and

these will put me almost over there I'm

gonna do the common ones first

these are usually pretty easy this easy

straightforward sooo you know it's 2:45

it's hunter it should be fine okay I

could take them off with the first take

what

BAM nice and easy

cool so that was a nice normally I would

never do these battles because I don't

need food or coins this case is food so

I'm doing it for the SDN a so I will use

parcel vinyl looking I could take them

down in the first hit and get the battle

over with BAM

sweet I know that was the easiest s DNA

points I ever got I mean they only give

me I mean my factory makes I think more

than that a day

let me see two hundred forty thousand

food every four hours so yeah that was

sort of a ripoff okay well anyways I

could go collect this DNA fourteen

points for that nice and simple

monsters of the deep let's jump into

here so it looks like this is an aquatic

battle and looks like it's gonna be

uphill all the way so I don't know the

exact name of these symbols I call them

by what they look like so this guy's at

cave so water is good against caves so I

was put in a heinous Soros this guy's

water shell is good against water he's

at 1682 I'm gonna try the kronosaurus

again this guy's a cave 2371 so I will

use and across okay cool

all the time unless you can kill the guy

in one so now a chance I might lose I

should have used somebody stronger than

the kronosaurus so I'm still in the game

tack a 3-2 in reserve and things are

still looking good okay so okay so

foreign reserve to block okay so he's

got seven he attack five he's got two

left I'm coming in with eight in this

attack of eight I'm gonna tear this guy

apart 20,000 damage Wow

that is early okay slip full jump right

into the second battle okay so this

guy's an aquatic shell is good against

the quiet - there we go

cave water is good against caves so I

will I'm side tylosaurus and shell cave

is good against shell I will use orth

acanthus and we are ready jump right in

I just down sweet that was easy

it's gonna probably attack to you so he

took me down to one in reserve down he

goes sweet things are looking good step

back three so he killed me but he's

defenseless battle is over

sweet okay so we are moving right along

at a nice fast pace okay so this guy's

cave aquatic is good against cave uh who

do like uh who's my cheapest one or not

I don't want to use somebody that

underpowered so I will use the Souris

okay this guy is aquatic so shell is

good against aquatic and this guy is

shell so cave is good against and there

we go

Downie goes for so he's got one left

pretty simple and down he goes

time to collect the prize climate shift

pack

so that's pretty much all the s DNA

points I can get right now

I've completed all the battles all I

could do is collect one time from the

DNA building which that is almost two

hours from now I'm gonna go here and

claim my prizes that I got let's see

what I get

okay 1600 DNA and 500 in a nice I'd

rather have one hot Dino okay so that's

food so its coins even worse worthless I

think as many coins as I want but I

always are max out these ones especially

the VIP I've gotten some really cool

dinos so if you click the plus button

next to the VIP I always click on ting

which there is 1200 coins and then plus

you get to enter the drawing here to get

more awesome dinos okay so I got a

legendary member a cool and then DNA I

got plenty of DNA so I always max these

out also and then watch the video which

I'm not going to do right now I already

did custom trays this morning I got some

dinos here I've got two more of these

herbivores race to go and then I could

build this

and then a ring 'kiss up to level 40

which would be awesome at level 40 - oh

I forgot to claim the reward

okay so level 40 he's gonna be 4723

health 1208 attack okay good because I

do need a lot more stronger befores one

right now I only have one really strong

herbivore which is my Stegosaurus

let's check out oh sorry

this one so he's max level 3042 is 778

attack so not very strong okay so moving

on I want to see if I there's any more

custom trades although I did already do

custom trades earlier this morning so I

don't okay power generator but DNA you

know what DNA is DNA okay add two points

of action yes I do need all the DNA I

could get ok loyalty points for an EIN

asaurus no okay well I think that's

gonna be it for now thanks for reviewing

guys click the subscribe button below

for a lot more fun video also click the

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click the boxes below for a lot more fun

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For more infomation >> Clash Of The Titans! Jurassic World The Game EP232 INDORAPTOR 2,900 SDNA Indominus Rex Vs T-Rex - Duration: 28:11.

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No todo se ha perdido en el incendio del Museo Nacional de Brasil | Noticiero | Telemundo - Duration: 0:40.

For more infomation >> No todo se ha perdido en el incendio del Museo Nacional de Brasil | Noticiero | Telemundo - Duration: 0:40.

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Total Health Success Stories | Humana - Duration: 3:19.

Geiger Ready-Mix, we're a family-owned business and have been in operation since 1892 in the

building materials business.

The leadership in our company feels that it is extremely important to be physically fit

and healthy.

We have a very strenuous job here with our delivery professionals.

They need to be fit.

They need to be well.

They need to be healthy.

I went to the doctor's appointment.

I was younger.

I always felt like I was in pretty good health, and I got some bad readings.

It really went down to triglycerides, and they wanted to put me on different medicine.

And the worst part was when they told me that I had high blood pressure.

So, I run a large company and high blood pressure wasn't something I wanted to hear.

Associated Grocers is a food wholesaler.

We have over 600 associates who work for us today, who help us win and do what we do on

a daily basis.

It's very important to us that we keep those 600 people amazingly healthy.

The Humana program was something that I was very excited about when we were first presented

it.

Wendy Wibberding, our HR Director, she picked up the standard and really made it work.

The very first year, we saw such great results from this program and it hasn't done anything

but get better and better and better every year.

We are almost at 100% participation, which is awesome, because all that's going to do

is save our employees money on their premiums for their healthcare.

It has absolutely shifted our culture positively.

It's created successes that were beyond even my expectation when I first set out to make

this a mission.

It creates a closeness among people, brings people together.

It drives great behaviors, and of course, the successes for an organization equate to

reduced premiums.

Of course, less sick days, happier, more engaged employees.

It has been incredible.

I follow it to a "T".

I got online, I did my registrations, I walked, I ran, and I went back to the doctor with

my wife.

The doctor turns to me and says, "You have nothing wrong with you.

You're perfect."

And, you know, my wife cried right next to me.

It was amazing.

In our culture, there's a sense that I think our people understand that we care.

And we care about their livelihoods and we care about their health.

I see myself staying healthy, being well, eating right, exercising, and hopefully helping

others to do the same.

I would recommend the Humana program for the mere fact that it's a cost savings to the

company.

It's a cost savings to your employees.

It will have your employees more fit, more healthy.

I support this program 1000%.

I believe in it, I love it, and I'm living proof.

I take zero medication today.

For more infomation >> Total Health Success Stories | Humana - Duration: 3:19.

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Drugs, Dyes, and Mass Transfer: Crash Course Engineering #16 - Duration: 8:24.

We live in a dynamic world that's always moving.

Nothing would get done if everything stayed still.

It's this very movement that gives us life, that allows the blood to flow through our veins and gives action to our stories.

But what does this mean to us as engineers?

What's really happening when things move?

Well, since pretty much everything has mass, most of the movement in our world is associated with mass transfer.

It's critical to our work, our lives, and something that we should learn more about.

[Theme Music]

We've talked a good deal about transfer so far.

Whether it was momentum transfer, as we saw with moving fluids,

or heat transfer, like stepping out in the sun or touching a hot pan, we've seen how things move and change.

But when people think of mass transfer, they often think of something pretty simple – the movement of an object, or fluid's mass, from one place to another.

But that's not really what it is.

That's more like bulk fluid movement, which we learned about in fluid mechanics.

No, what we mean by mass transfer is a bit more complicated.

Mass transfer is the movement of individual molecules and components within a larger mixture or substance.

So it deals with what makes up something like a stream of water rather than its bulk movement as a whole.

Now, because mass transfer works on this often microscopic scale, it has a lot to do with chemical separation and can literally be crucial to life itself.

To see what I mean, think of drug delivery.

And no, I don't mean like driving around a delivery truck of pharmaceuticals.

I'm talking about medicine moving within the body itself.

Medical treatment depends on medicine getting to the right place in your body.

It often needs to go through your mouth, to your stomach, and then into your bloodstream.

Or maybe it needs to be injected into a certain location.

But a drug might be less effective if it's not taken correctly.

Sometimes it won't even work at all.

For instance, people with Type 1 and often Type 2 diabetes have to take insulin by injection, in places like their arms or their stomachs.

Just swallowing insulin, in pill or liquid form, wouldn't work, because it would break down in the patient's stomach acid before it could do its job.

But let's assume a certain medicine is taken correctly.

Then its individual molecules and medical compounds have to move through the fluids in your body to the right location.

There's a lot more to consider than just that, but at its core, drug delivery is all about mass transfer.

It's about how one type of chemical moves through other chemicals to get where it needs to go in a mixture.

So how does that mass get transferred?

Well, it needs a driving force.

We learned that for momentum transfer, the driving force was a difference in velocity.

For heat transfer, it was a difference in temperature.

For mass transfer, the driving force is a little more complex.

Let's think back to thermodynamics.

We said that everything was always trying to reach thermal equilibrium, or a balance of temperatures.

That's why temperature differences drive heat transfer.

For mass transfer, we're still trying to reach an equilibrium, but this time it's a chemical equilibrium.

Chemical equilibrium can be explained in terms like chemical potential and fugacity, but those are pretty abstract concepts and difficult to directly measure.

Which, we as engineers, need to do.

So for our purposes, a better way to explain chemical equilibrium is to approximate it in terms of concentration.

Simply put, concentration is how much there is of something in a certain amount of space, or volume.

Here, we'll look at concentration related to mass, so it will be mass per volume.

So for something to reach chemical equilibrium, it's going to need to have the same concentration throughout.

That means that, when left alone, and not acted upon by another force,

particles won't move from one location to another within a fluid or a substance if there isn't a concentration difference within it.

No concentration difference, no mass transfer.

If there is a difference, then the concentration will move from the higher concentration to the lower one.

But concentration isn't just something we need to worry about for a substance or fluid on its own, but also when it mixes with something else.

To keep things simple, let's just talk about fluids for now.

Let's also assume that the fluids are fully miscible, which means that they can be completely mixed together.

So, when one fluid is put into the other one, we can view the combined fluids as a single mixture in terms of mass transfer.

That means that the fluids will mix together until the solution has the same concentration throughout it.

Well, how do they do that?

One major way is through diffusion.

Diffusion is when the molecules of two or more things intermingle as they move from higher concentrations to lower ones.

To see what I mean, let's use an example that you can do at home!

If you take a drop of red food coloring and mix it in with a glass of water,

you'll notice that the red color slowly spreads throughout the glass until the solution is the same color.

That's diffusion!

And the more food coloring you add, the darker and redder the solution will be.

No matter how much you add, it will eventually diffuse into one uniform color, given enough time.

And how fast something diffuses can be very important as well.

This especially comes into play when thinking about safety.

For example, you'll want to know how fast certain acidic or corrosive chemicals can move through your protective rubber gloves.

Or how fast chemicals can enter your body when you're exposed to them.

Or how quickly they can diffuse through your skin or organs to reach vulnerable parts of your body.

That's why whenever you work with hazardous chemicals, you protect yourself so that the rate of diffusion is as low as it can be.

What if you're trying to produce a chemical for sale – or maybe just convert a toxic chemical into something safer –

so you pass the raw material through a catalytic converter.

Reactions will certainly occur on the surfaces of all the catalytic particles inside,

but how fast the molecules diffuse to the catalyst surfaces will affect how much product you get, and how fast the reaction will even occur!

Now, if we really want to be able to understand and quantify mass transfer, then we're going to need to learn about Fick's Law.

Fick's Law states that there's a drift, or movement, of particles from denser regions to ones that are less dense,

or that they're moving from a high concentration to a lower one.

So, pretty much what we just learned.

Fick's Law defines the rate of this drift – the diffusion, or mass flux in our case,

as proportional to the product of the thermophysical property – which is the diffusivity constant or coefficient –

and the driving force – which will be our concentration gradient.

The negative sign here shows us that the diffusion will occur in the direction opposite that of the increasing concentration,

or from a higher concentration to a lesser one.

Now, D will either be called the diffusion constant or diffusion coefficient, depending on who you ask.

But in all practicality, they mean the same thing.

That's a debate more of semantics than application.

And the concentration gradient you'll see here is the derivative of our concentration in the x direction.

If you're not familiar with derivatives, they're basically rates of change.

What's important to remember is that, while we've been focusing on the mass transfer of particles themselves moving,

this movement is going to be making the overall mass of whatever the particles are in move as well.

So this small movement can lead to bigger, bulk movement.

The tiny particles won't be able to get their overall mass to move in certain obstructed directions, like getting water to move through the glass that it's in,

but they can cause bulk motion into more open directions, like the air above the water.

In the end, when things are moving, there's a lot more going on than just mass transfer.

But it does give us the basis to understand some of what's going on.

Just because particles are small, don't count them out.

Get enough of them moving, and you can make a big change.

Now that I've said that out loud, that actually sounds pretty inspirational.

So in today's lesson, we learned all about mass transfer.

We found out that it doesn't just apply to objects and fluids as a whole, but also to the individual molecules and components that make them up.

Then we saw that transfers of mass need their own driving force, which we found to be concentration,

as things try to reach a state of chemical equilibrium.

Diffusion was a way to get to this balanced state, and we were able to use Fick's Law to help us model mass transfer.

I'll see you next time, when we'll talk about separation and apply what we just learned to mass transfer equipment.

Crash Course Engineering is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.

You can head over to their channel to check out a playlist of their latest amazing shows, like The Art Assignment, The Origin of Everything, and Physics Girl.

Crash Course is a Complexly production and this episode was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Studio with the help of these wonderful people.

And our amazing graphics team is Thought Cafe.